[原创]经典计算机体系结构分类—flynn[概念篇]

翔羽

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">flynn</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1966</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年提出的根据指令流和数据流特征对计算机系统畸形的分类方法中将计算机分成了四类</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">SISD </font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">SIMD</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">MISD</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">MIMD </font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">。由于其他分类方法不如这种分类法经典，就不作介绍了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">SISD&nbsp;&nbsp;(Single Instruction </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">Stream</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> Single Data Stream)&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">单指令单数据流：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> <p></p></span></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">SISD&nbsp;&nbsp;(Single Instruction </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">Stream</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> Single Data Stream)&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">单指令单数据流：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">计算机的指令部件每次只对一条指令进行译码和处理，并只对一个操作部分分配数据，是按照排序的方式进行顺序处理，也就是说<span style="COLOR: black;">通常由一个处理器和一个存贮器组成，它通过执行单一的指令流</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">对单一的数据流进行操作，指令按顺序读取，数据在每一时刻也只能读取一个，</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">如单片机，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">8086/80286/80386/80486 </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CPU</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">均属此类。<span style="COLOR: black;">弱点是单片处理器处理能力有限，同时，这种结构也没有发挥数据处理中的并行性潜力，在实时系统或高速系统中，很少采用</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">SISD</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">结构。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">SIMD (</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">Single Instruction Stream Multiple Data Stream</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">单指令多数据流：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> <p></p></span></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">SIMD (</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">Single Instruction Stream Multiple Data Stream</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">单指令多数据流：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">属于并行运算计算机：计算机有多个处理单元，由单一的指令部件控制，按照同一指令流的要求为他们分配各不相同的数据并进行处理。</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">系统结构为由一个控制器、多个处理器、多个存贮模块和一个互连总线（网络）组成。所有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">活动的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">处理器在同一时刻执行同一条指令，但每个处理器执行这条指令时所用的数据是从它本身的存储模块中读取的。对操作种类多的算法，当要求存取全局数据或对于不同的数据要求做不同的处理时，它是无法独立胜任的。另外，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">SIMD<span style="COLOR: black;">&nbsp;</span></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">一般都要求有较多的处理单元和极高的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">I/O</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">吞吐率，如果系统中没有足够多的适合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">SIMD<span style="COLOR: black;">&nbsp;</span></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">处理的任务，采用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">SIMD<span style="COLOR: black;">&nbsp;</span></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">是不合算的。</span><span style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">如：阵列处理机，联机处理。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">MISD(</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">Multiple </span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Instruction</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> Stream Single Data Stream</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">多指令流单数据流：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> <p></p></span></p></span></p><p><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">MISD(</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">Multiple </span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Instruction</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> Stream Single Data Stream</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">多指令流单数据流：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">流水线处理计算机：计算机具有多个处理单元，按照多条不同的指令要求同时对同一数据流及其处理输出的结果进行不同的处理，是把一个单元的输出作为另一个单元的输入。这种结构在目前常见的计算机系统中很少见，但是如果把早期的自动控制系统也作为计算机来看待的话，则在早期的自动控制系统中比较常见。同时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">CPU </font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">进行复杂处理的过程中，其数据流在很多时候依然是按照这种模式在运行。我想</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Flynn</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">在进行分类时的设想也许是基于此处的考虑才有了这样的分类方法吧。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">MIMD(Multiple </span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Instruction</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> Stream Multiple Data Stream)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">多指令流多数据流：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> <p></p></span></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">MIMD(Multiple </span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Instruction</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> Stream Multiple Data Stream)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">多指令流多数据流：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">又称为多处理机系统：是指能实现指令、数据作业、任务等各级全面并行计算的多机处理系，统，<span style="COLOR: black;">典型的</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">MIMD</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">系统由多台处理机、多个存储模块和一个互连网络组成，每台处理机执行自己的指令，操作数也是各取各的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">MIMD</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">结构中每个处理器都可以单独编程，因而这种结构的可编程能力是最强的。但由于要用大量的硬件资源解决可编程问题，硬件利用率不高。常见的有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">MPP</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Massively Parallel Processor</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）系统；目前科研机构中的分布式计算系统</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span>&nbsp;</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">若有不同看法，欢迎指正。</span></p>

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-3-18 19:54:26编辑过]

翔羽

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">以下内容子网络整理而来：</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">流水线</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">：将一个重复的时序过程，分解成为若干个子过程，而每一个子过程都可有效地在其专用功能段上与其它子过程同时执行。</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">流水线的通过时间</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">：流水线中第一个任务流出结果所需的时间。</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">单功能流水线</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">：只能完成一种固定功能的流水线。</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">多功能流水线</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">：流水线的各段可以进行不同的连接，从而使流水线在不同的时间，或者在同一时间完成不同的功能。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">静态流水线</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">：在同一时间内，流水线的各段只能按同一种功能的连接方式工作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">动态流水线</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">：在同一时间内，当某些段正在实现某种运算时，另一些段却在实现另一种运算。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">部件级流水线</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">：把处理机的算术逻辑部件分段，以便为各种数据类型进行流水操作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">处理机级流水线</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">：把解释指令的过程按照流水方式处理。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">处理机间流水线</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">：由两个以上的处理机串行地对同一数据流进行处理，每个处理机完成一项任务。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">标量流水处理机</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">：处理机不具有向量数据表示，仅对标量数据进行流水处理。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br/></font></span><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">向量流水处理机</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">：处理机具有向量数据表示，并通过向量指令对向量的各元素进行处理。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br/></font></span><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">线性流水线</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">：流水线的各段串行连接，没有反馈回路。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br/></font></span><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">非线性流水线</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">：流水线中除有串行连接的通路处，还有反馈回路。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br/></font></span><span class="key-color1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">流水线的深度</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥;">：一条流水线的段数称为流水线的深度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">指令的重叠解释：指令的重叠解释指的是在解释第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">k</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">条指令的操作完成之前，就可以开时解释第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">k+1</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">条指令。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">一次重叠：指的是一条指令的分析和执行部件只进行一次重叠的重叠方式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">操作数相关：操作数相关指的是如果相邻两条指令都对某一存储单元进行操作，可能会发生读写顺序的颠倒，从而导致错误。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">指令相关：对于某些指令可以修改的计算机，如果经由第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">k</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">条指令产生第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">k+1</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">条指令，则第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">k</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">条指令尚未生成时第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">k+1</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">条指令已进行分析所发生的错误。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">宏流水线：宏流水线指构成计算机系统的各个处理机之间的流水。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">单功能流水线：单功能流水线是只能实现一种功能的流水线。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">多功能流水线：多功能流水线指的是同一流水线的各个段可以有多种不同的链接方式以实现多种功能的流水线。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">静态流水线：静态流水线在某一段时间内只能按一种功能联接流水，只有当流水全部流完后才能转换为其他功能。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">动态流水线：动态流水线的各功能段可以在同一时间内按照不同的运算或功能联接。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">线性流水：线性流水各段串行连接，没有反馈回路，各段只经过一次。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">非线性流水：非线性流水中除了串行连接外，还有某种反馈回路，使一个任务经过流水时，需多次经过某些段或越过某些段。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">流水线吞吐率：吞吐率是流水线单位时间内能流出的任务数或结果数。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">流水线效率：流水线效率是指流水线中的设备实际使用时间占整个运行时间之比，也称流水线设备的时间利用率。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">全局性相关：全局性相关指的是已经进入流水线的转移指令和其后续指令之间的相关。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">局部性相关：流水线内某部分发生的相关，包括指令相关、访存操作数相关和通用寄存器相关等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">顺序流动方式：任务流出流水线的顺序和进入流水线的顺序一样的流水线流动方式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">异步流动方式：流出流水线的任务顺序和流入流水线的任务顺序不同的流水线流动方式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">先写后读相关：要求前一指令完成写操作，后一指令才能进行读操作的相关。当流水线异步流动时，后流入流水线的指令可能对某前一指令将写入的存储区域率先进行读出操作。这样发生的相关称为先写后读相关。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">先读后写相关：要求前一指令完成读操作，后一指令才能进行写操作的相关。当流水线异步流动时，后流入流水线的指令可能对某前一指令将读出的区域率先进行写入操作。这样发生的相关称为先读后写相关。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">写</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">-</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">写相关：要求前一指令完成写操作，后一指令才能进行写操作的相关。当流水线异步流动时，后流入流水线的指令可能对某前一指令将写入的存储区域率先进行写操作。这样发生的相关称为写</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">-</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">写相关。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">不精确断点法：指在断点产生之后，仍然对已经进入流水线的任务进行执行的中断处理方法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">精确断点法：指在断点产生之后，将流水线内的现场进行保存，转而进行断点处理，断点返回后在对流水线现场进行恢复的中断处理方法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">预约表：为了对多段流水线进行调度和控制使用的工具。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">冲突向量：当流水线处于某一时刻于之相冲突的功能段矢量表。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">向量的流水处理：选择使向量运算最能充分发挥出流水线效能的处理方式就是向量的流水处理。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">向量处理机：对于向量处理，将向量数据表示和流水线技术结合起来，就构成了向量处理机。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">超标量处理机：采用多指令流水线，在每个时间周期同时流出多条指令的流水机器。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">超长指令字处理机：超长指令字处理机结合了水平行微码和超标量处理器的流水机器，在编译时将多个具有潜在并行性的指令组合成一个由多个操作段的超长指令。运行时能够实现多个操作的并行，相当于多条指令同时执行。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">超流水处理机：超流水处理机拥有很小的指令时间间隔，一台度为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">m</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">的超流水线处理机的指令间隔仅为基本机器周期的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1/m</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">，因此能够大大提高指令的并行性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">计算机系统结构</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">：机器语言一级的程序设计者所看到的计算机概念性结构以及功能特性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">线性流水线</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">：线性流水线是在部件上没有反馈连接的流水线。在这种流水线中，指令依次通过各个部件仅一次，完成指令执行的全过程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">非线性流水线</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">：非线性流水线是指在各部件除了串行的连接外，还通过反馈线使某些部件得以重复使用。指令在通过这种流水线时，可能在反馈部件上重复运行若干次。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">吞吐率</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">：流水线在单位时间内完成的任务量定义为吞吐率。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">瓶颈</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">：如果流水线各级执行时间不相等，则流水线中一定存在瓶颈，执行时间最长的部件就是流水线的瓶颈。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">超标量处理机</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">：超标量处理机是一种具有多条相互独立指令流水线的处理机，每条流水线都由若干级部件组成。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font face="Times New Roman">RISC</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">：精简指令集计算机。按照</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">2/8</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">原则，仅保留</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">CISC</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">结构中使用频度高的简单指令，这种改进的优势体现在两方面：简化了控制器的设计，降低了成本；简单指令更适合在流水线中运行，提高了流水线的工作效率，即提高了性能，最终提高了系统的性能价格比。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">寄存器窗口重叠技术</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">：在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">RISC</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">处理机中，使嵌套的两个过程分配使用相邻的寄存器窗口，使它们的一部分寄存器重叠，即调用过程的入口参数传递区与被调用过程的出口参数传递区相重叠，这样过程之间的参数传递就不需要访问主存储器，过程执行的速度得到提升。复杂指令功能在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">RISC</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">中通常通过过程调用来实现，寄存器窗口重叠技术对于过程调用较多的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">RISC</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">结构是有很大优势的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">地址映象</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">：地址映象是指把存储器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">的地址空间映象到存储器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">的地址空间，具体地说，就是把存放在存储器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">中的指令和数据按照某种规则装入存储器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">中，并建立两种存储器地址之间的对应关系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">全相联映象</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">：在全相联映象方式中，将主存储器和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">Cache</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">划分为大小相等的快，主存储器中的任何一块可以映象到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">Cache</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">中的任意一块。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">组相联映象</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">：在组相联映象中，主存和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">Cache</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">按同样大小划分为块，再将若干个块构成一个组，每一组中包含的块数相等。主存中的组与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">Cache</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN;">中的组之间采用直接映象方式，两个对应组内部采用全相联方式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">写回法</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">：当</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">CPU</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">写数据时，只写</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Cache</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">，不写主存；当已改写的块被替换出主存时，将其内容写回主存。</span>

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