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<p>项目风险管理与蒙特卡罗方法 <br/> <br/> <br/>项目风险管理与蒙特卡罗方法 <br/> </p><p>(一)项目风险管理作为项目管理九个领域中一个重要的组成部分,正在受到越来越多的重视。在美国项目管理学会的(项目管理知识体系指南》2000版中,风险管理一章被完全重写,说明这是一个十分活跃、处于快速成长中的课题。 </p><p>项目风险管理之所以重要,显然是由于项目管理所必然面临的不确定因素。根据对项目的定义,任何项目都有其某种程度的唯一性或特殊性。项目管理区别于企业管理的重要一点,在于项目管理所面临的各种变化因素。内部和外部的变化,主动和被动的变化,可以预见的和不可预见的变化,为项目带来风险,为项目管理带来难度,迫使企业管理层和项目经理增强风险意识、预先制定或临时采取应对措施。可以说,没有风险意识、没有应对措施的项目管理,成功的可能性是比较小的。</p><p>一个项目是否成功,要考察多项指标。至少要从费用、进度、范围和质量这几个方面综合衡量。无论从国际和国内项目管理的现状来看,能称得上是成功的项目并不占多数。因此,对项目的风险管理绝不可掉以轻心。</p><p>项目风险管理要求我们遵循的一些基本原则其实也是最朴素的道理。例如,对项目的成本估算要留有余地,对项目的进度计划也要留有余地。</p><p>按照这些原则来衡量,我国现行的一些项目管理方法还有一定差距。例如,我国目前在做项目成本估算时,还在大量套用各种概预算定额。要想达到目前国际上认可的对可研阶段项目成本估算的精度要求,就不能简单地套用概、预算定额。从概预算定额出发做成本估算的方法,本来是属于“自下而上”的方法,应当是一种比较精确的估算方法。问题在于,我们的概预算定额制定的周期一般都比较长,跟不上市场的变化。在加入WTO之后,各种产品的价格问题更是一个需要认真对待的问题。在计划经济下,国家规定的某种价格可以长期不变,套用概预算定额做项目估算问题还不大。在市场经济下,某种产品的价格经常变化,不单随国内市场变化,也随国际市场变化,套用概预算定额的方法就可能出问题。这是问题的一个侧面。从项目的风险管理角度来说,套用概预算定额的方法的另一个根本性的弊病在于,它所使用的价格往往是单一的,或者叫单点取样。用单点取样的方法是不可能进行风险分析的。因此,从市场经济的角度和风险管理的角度,传统的套用概预算的成本估算方法应当在彻底改革之列。</p><p>同样,对项目活动的用时也要采用多点取样的估计法并且应当考虑路径收敛等与风险相关的问题。</p><p>项目管理如果做到这种过细的程度,那么项目的评估和审批就有了比较可靠的基础。靠钻漏洞造成的所谓的“钓鱼工程”、“胡子工程”以及不切实际的”献礼工程”等等与项目成本和项目进度有关的不正常现象就有可能大大避免。 为了对项目风险做到心中有数,除了要对风险进行定性分析,还应当进行定量分析。在定量分析方法中,蒙特卡罗模拟方法是美国项目管理学会推荐的一种方法。</p><p>(二)蒙特卡罗模拟是一种随机模拟方法。蒙特卡罗方法得名于欧洲著名赌城,摩纳哥的蒙特卡罗。大概是因为赌博游戏与概率的内在联系,第二次世界大战时美国曼哈顿计划中把这种方法称为蒙特卡罗方法。在这之前,蒙特卡罗方法就已经存在。1777年,法国Buffon提出用投针实验的方法求圆周率∏。这被认为是蒙特卡罗方法的起源。</p><p>蒙特卡罗模拟是一种有效的统计实验计算法。这种方法的基本思想是人为地造出一种概率模型,使它的某些参数恰好重合于所需计算的量;又可以通过实验,用统计方法求出这些参数的估值;把这些估值作为要求的量的近似值。</p><p>从理论上来说,蒙特卡罗方法需要大量的实验。实验次数越多,所得到的结果才越精确。以上面说到的投针实验为例、历史上的记录如下表1。</p><p>从表中数据可以看到,一直到公元20世纪初期,尽管实验次数数以千计,利用蒙特卡罗方法所得到的圆周率∏值,还是达不到公元5世纪祖冲之的推算精度。这可能是传统蒙特卡罗方法长期得不到推广的主要原因。</p><p>计算机技术的发展,使得蒙特卡罗方法在最近10年得到快速的普及。现代的蒙特卡罗方法,已经不必亲自动手做实验,而是借助计算机的高速运转能力,使得原本费时费力的实验过程,变成了快速和轻而易举的事情。它不但用于解决许多复杂的科学方面的问题,也被项目管理人员经常使用。借助计算机技术,蒙特卡罗方法实现了两大优点:一是简单,省却了繁复的数学报导和演算过程,使得一般人也能够理解和掌握;二是快速。简单和快速,是蒙特卡罗方法在现代项目管理中获得应用的技术基础。</p><p>在项目管理中,常常用到的随机变量是与成本和进度有关的变量如价格、用时等。由于实际工作中可以获得的数据量有限,它们往往是以离散型变量的形式出现的。例如,对于某种成本只知道最低价格、最高价格和最可能价格;对于某项活动的用时往往只知道最少用时、最多用时和最可能用时三个数据。经验告诉我们,项目管理中的这些变量服从某些概率模型。现代统计数学则提供了把这些离散型的随机分布转换为预期的连续型分布的可能。可以利用计算机针对某种概率模型轻易进行数以千计、甚至数以万计的模拟随机抽样。项目管理中蒙特卡罗模拟方法的一般步骤是:</p><p>1、对每一项活动,输入最小、最大和最可能估计数据,并为其选择一种合适的先验分布模型;</p><p>2、计算机根据上述输入,利用给定的某种规则,快速实施充分大量的随机抽样;</p><p>3、对随机抽样的数据进行必要的数学计算,求出结果;</p><p>4、对求出的结果进行统计学处理,求出最小值、最大值以及数学期望值和单位标准偏差;</p><p>5、根据求出的统计学处理数据,让计算机自动生成概率分布曲线和累积概率曲线(通常是基于正态分布的概率累积S曲线);</p><p>6、依据累积概率曲线进行项目风险分析。</p><p>由于计算机的运算速度非常快,蒙特卡罗模拟也可以同时进行敏感性分析。</p><p>目前,发达国家已经把蒙特卡罗模拟方法列入项目管理的常规方法。有关计算机应用软件也已经有许多种产品。 必须指出的是,目前的项目风险管理还是有很大局限性的。项目风险管理虽然被看作项目决策过程的一部分,实际上主要还是面对项目的实施阶段,没有太多顾及项目可能带来的的长远影响。随着对自然界未知领域的探索不断深入,随着新的科学、新的技术的快速进步,人类在获得眼前利益的同时,也正在面对未来更长远、更深刻、更复杂的不确定因素。因此,项目的风险管理必将随着人类的进步而变得更为重要,获得更大的发展。 <br/> <br/> <br/></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蒙特卡罗的作用</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">计算在众多不确定性因素影响下,项目可能的收益、进度和成本;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分析在众多不确定性因素影响下,达到项目目标的概率;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分析各种不确定性因素对项目的影响程度;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">找出关键性的影响因素。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">怎么做</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman";"><font size="3"> </font></span></font></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">确定要分析的不确定因素</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例:三项项目活动的时间估计</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T1</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T2</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T3</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><line id="_x0000_s1062" to="153pt,15.6pt" from="135pt,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251659776; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1060" to="90pt,15.6pt" from="1in,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251657728; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; flip: y;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1058" to="135pt,0" from="90pt,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251655680; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T1</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 63pt; mso-char-indent-count: 6.0;"><line id="_x0000_s1063" to="153pt,31.2pt" from="135pt,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251660800; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; flip: y;"><wrap side="left"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1061" to="90pt,31.2pt" from="1in,3.9pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251658752; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></wrap></line><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">①</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">②</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T3</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></font></span></span><line id="_x0000_s1059" to="135pt,0" from="90pt,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251656704; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1057" to="153pt,-27.3pt" from="1in,-27.3pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251654656; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1056" to="1in,226.2pt" from="1in,222.3pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251653632; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; flip: y;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">确定目标函数</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例:项目活动总时间=</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Max(T1,T2,T)<p></p></font></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.找出不确定因素的概率分布</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例:三项项目活动的时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T1</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T2</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">符合</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">β</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分布。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">项目管理中常用的概率分布:</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p><table class="MsoTableWeb3" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 3pt outset; BORDER-TOP: 3pt outset; BORDER-LEFT: 3pt outset; BORDER-BOTTOM: 3pt outset; mso-cellspacing: 2.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: -1; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">β</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分布</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正态分布</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">泊松分布</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">项目活动的工期</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">项目活动的成本</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">项目总时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">项目总成本</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">项目总收益</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">机器故障问题</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">产品质量问题</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">项目运营维护费用</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">利用随机数表或计算机在其概率区间内产生随机数</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例:设项目活动的最短时间为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天,最长为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天,在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8-12</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的区间内随机产生三个变量,分别模拟三项项目活动的时间。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">进行大量次数的模拟实验</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例:产生随 量的过程重复</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">300</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">次(或以上)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6.</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">计算目标函数值</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7.</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对实验结果进行统计</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例:分别统计项目总时间分别落在“项目开始-第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天”、“第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天-第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天”、“第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天-第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天”的频率。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b></font></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对影响项目结果的因素做出敏感性分析</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例:分别计算</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T1</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T2</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T3</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">落在关键路径上的次数,从而算出三条路径对项目总时间的影响程度。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">适用范围:</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman";"><font size="3"> </font></span></font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蒙特卡罗的特点是模拟次数越多,计算结果的可靠性越大。特别适用于在计算机上对大型项目、新产品项目和其他含有大量不确定因素的复杂决策系统进行风险模拟分析;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman";"><font size="3"> </font></span></font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蒙特卡罗模拟法不可能使计算结果发生实质性变化,但是可以给 算结果的概率分布,便于预测达到预期目标的可能性。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例:用蒙特卡罗做敏感性分析的流程图:</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: .5;"><span lang="EN-US"><group id="_x0000_s1026" coordsize="7200,9511" coordorigin="2355,2643" editas="canvas" style="WIDTH: 414pt; HEIGHT: 546pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: char; mso-position-vertical-relative: line;"><lock aspectratio="t" vext="edit"></lock><shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" opreferrelative="t" ospt="75"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path oconnecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" oextrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" vext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_s1027" opreferrelative="f" type="#_x0000_t75" style="LEFT: 2355px; WIDTH: 7200px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2643px; HEIGHT: 9511px;"><font face="Times New Roman"><fill odetectmouseclick="t"></fill><path oconnecttype="none" oextrusionok="t"></path><lock vext="edit" text="t"></lock></font></shape><rect id="_x0000_s1028" style="LEFT: 4703px; WIDTH: 1722px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2779px; HEIGHT: 407px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1028;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">N</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1=H2=H3=0</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><rect id="_x0000_s1029" style="LEFT: 4703px; WIDTH: 1722px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3458px; HEIGHT: 1223px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1029;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">产生随机数</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">≤X1≤12<p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">8≤X2≤12<p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">8≤X3≤12</span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1030" to="5486,3459" from="5485,3186" style=" OSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"></stroke></line><shapetype id="_x0000_t110" coordsize="21600,21600" path="m10800,l,10800,10800,21600,21600,10800xe" ospt="110"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><path oconnecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" textboxrect="5400,5400,16200,16200"></path></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t110" style="LEFT: 4390px; WIDTH: 2348px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4953px; HEIGHT: 1087px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1031;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X1>X2AND</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X1>X3</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></shape><line id="_x0000_s1032" to="5486,4953" from="5485,4681" style=" OSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><shape id="_x0000_s1033" type="#_x0000_t110" style="LEFT: 4390px; WIDTH: 2348px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 6312px; HEIGHT: 1357px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1033;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X1AND</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X3</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></shape><line id="_x0000_s1034" to="5486,6312" from="5485,6040" style=" OSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><rect id="_x0000_s1035" style="LEFT: 6581px; WIDTH: 1252px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4953px; HEIGHT: 408px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1035;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">+</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1036" to="7364,5496" from="6738,5496" style=" OSITION: absolute;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1037" to="7364,5496" from="7364,5360" style=" OSITION: absolute; flip: y;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1038" to="7364,4953" from="7364,4138" style=" OSITION: absolute; flip: y;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1039" to="7364,4138" from="6425,4138" style=" OSITION: absolute; flip: x;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><rect id="_x0000_s1040" style="LEFT: 3138px; WIDTH: 1095px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 6040px; HEIGHT: 407px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1040;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H2=H2+1</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1041" to="4390,6991" from="3607,6991" style=" OSITION: absolute; flip: x;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1042" to="3607,6991" from="3607,6447" style=" OSITION: absolute; flip: y;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1043" to="3607,6040" from="3607,4273" style=" OSITION: absolute; flip: y;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1044" to="4703,4273" from="3607,4273" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><rect id="_x0000_s1045" style="LEFT: 4546px; WIDTH: 2036px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 8078px; HEIGHT: 407px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1045;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X3>X1ANDX3>X2</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1046" to="5485,8078" from="5485,7670" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><rect id="_x0000_s1047" style="LEFT: 4859px; WIDTH: 1409px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 8757px; HEIGHT: 408px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1047;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H3=H3+1</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1048" to="5485,8757" from="5485,8485" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><shape id="_x0000_s1049" type="#_x0000_t110" style="LEFT: 4077px; WIDTH: 3130px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 9572px; HEIGHT: 816px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1049;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1+H2+H3</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">≤300</span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></shape><rect id="_x0000_s1050" style="LEFT: 4546px; WIDTH: 2348px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 10795px; HEIGHT: 951px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1050;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">计算</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P1=H1/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1+H2+H3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P2=H2/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1+H2+H3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P3=H3/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1+H2+H3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1051" to="5486,9572" from="5485,9165" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"></stroke></line><line id="_x0000_s1052" to="5486,10795" from="5485,10388" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"></stroke></line><line id="_x0000_s1053" to="8616,9981" from="7207,9980" style="POSITION: absolute;"></line><line id="_x0000_s1054" to="8616,9980" from="8616,3322" style="POSITION: absolute; flip: y;"></line><line id="_x0000_s1055" to="8616,3322" from="5485,3322" style="POSITION: absolute; flip: x;"><stroke endarrow="block"></stroke></line><wrap side="left" type="none"></wrap><anchorlock></anchorlock></group></span></p><p></p> |
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