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[转帖]项目管理常用分析方法汇集二

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 楼主| 发表于 2006-10-24 19:05:53 | 只看该作者
<p>一、6西格码质量管理方法的涵义 <br/>企业运营千头万绪,管理与质量是永远不变的真理。随着市场竞争的日趋激烈,质量管理工作也日益受到人们的重视,但是,传统的质量管理模式已很难适应现代市场经济的要求。在经济全球化的背景下,一项全新的质量管理模式在美国摩托罗拉和通用电气两大公司中推行并取得立竿见影的效果,并且引起欧美各国企业的高度重视,这项管理便是6西格码模式。 <br/>6 西格码模式由摩托罗拉公司于1993年率先开发,采取6西格码模式管理后,该公司平均每年提高生产率12.3%,由于质量缺陷造成的费用消耗减少了 84%,运作过程中的失误率降低99.7%。通用公司的韦尔奇则指出:“6西格码已经彻底改变了通用电气,决定了公司经营的基因密码(DNA),它已经成为通用电气现行的最佳运作模式。” </p><p>西格玛原文为希腊字母sigma,其含义为“标准偏差”。6西格玛意为“6倍标准差”,在质量上表示每百万坏品率少于3.4。 </p><p>当然,6 西格玛模式的含义并不简单地是指上述这些内容.而是一整套系统的理论和实践方法。它着眼于揭示生产流程中每百万个机会当中有多少缺陷或失误,这些缺陷和失误包括产品本身、产品生产的流程、包装、转运、交货延期、系统故障、不可抗力等等。大多数企业运作在3至4西格码的水平,这意味着每百万个机会中已经产生 6210至66800个缺陷,这些缺陷将要求生产者耗费其销售额的15%—30%进行弥补。而一个实施6西格码模式的公司仅需耗费年销售额的5%来矫正失误。图11—1是6西格码模式和3西格玛模式的产品质量分布图。 </p><p>6西格码质量管理方法对企业管理的作用: </p><p>1.6西格码质量管理对经营业绩的改善; </p><p>在企业内部,规范的6 西格玛模式项目一般是由称为“6西格玛模式精英小组”的执行委员会选择的,这个小组的职员之一是选择合适的项目并分配资源。一个公司典型的6西格玛模式项目可以是矫正关键客户的票据问题,也可以是改变某种工作程序提高生产率。领导小组将任务分派给黑带(参见本书黑带计划)管理人员们,黑带管理人员们再依照 6西格玛模式组织一个小组来执行这个项目。小组成员对6西格玛模式项目进行定期的严密监测。 </p><p>6西格玛管理是获得和保持企业在经营上的成功并将其经营业绩最大化的综合管理体系和发展战略,是使企业获得快速增长的经营方式。经营业绩的改善包括: </p><p>①市场占有率的增加 </p><p>②顾客回头率的提高 </p><p>③成本降低 </p><p>④周期降低 </p><p>⑤缺陷率降低 </p><p>⑥产品/服务开发加快 </p><p>⑦企业文化改变 </p><p>2.6西格码管理对企业文化建设的作用 </p><p>6 西格玛管理格对企业文化建设或改进产生很大的作用。在分析一些成功企业,特别是处于顶层位置的企业文化建设方面的经验教训时发现,成功的企业在实施质量战略时,比别的企业多走了一步,那就是,他们在致力于产品与服务质量改进的同时,肯花大力气去改造他们与6西格玛质量不相适应的企业文化,以使全体员工的信念、态度、价值观和期望与6西格码质量保持同步,从而创造出良好的企业质量文化,保证了6西格玛质量战略的成功。 </p><p>三、6西格码质量管理方法的流程 </p><p>6西格玛模式是一种自上而下的革新方法,它由企业最高管理者领导并驱动,由最高管理层提出改进或革新目标(这个目标与企业发展战略和远景密切相关)、资源和时间框架。推行6西格玛模式可以采用由定义、度量、分析、改进、控制(DMAIC)构成的改进流程。 </p><p>则DMAIC流程可用于以下三种基本改进计划: </p><p>①6西格玛产品与服务实现过程改进。 </p><p>②6西格玛业务流程改进。 </p><p>③6西格玛产品设计过程改进。 </p><p>这种革新方法强调定量方法和工具的运用,强调对顾客需求满意的详尽定义与量化表述,每一阶段都有明确的目标并由相应的工具或方法辅助。 </p><p>推行6 西格码模式要求企业从上至下都必须改变“我一直都这样做,而且做得很好”的惯性思维。也许你确实已经做得很好,但是距6西格码模式的目标却差得很远。6西格码模式不仅专注于不断提高,更注重目标,即企业的底线收益。假设某一大企业有1000个基层单元,每一基层单元用6西格码模式每天节约100美元,一年以300天计,企业一年将节约3千万美元。通过实施模式,企业还可清晰地知道自身的水平、改进提高的额度与目标的距离等。 </p><p>典型的6西格码管理模式解决方案以DMAIC流程为核心,它涵盖了6西格玛管理的策划、组织、人力资源准备与培训、实施过程与评价、相关技术方法(包括硬工具和软工具)的应用、管理信息系统的开发与使用等方面。 </p><p>6 西格玛管理战略是企业获得竞争优势和经营成功的金钥匙,在已经实施6西格玛管理并获得成功的企业名单上,你可以发现摩托罗拉、联信、美国快递、杜邦、福特这样的“世界巨人”。今天,越来越多的企业加人了“6西格玛实贱者”的行列,也许这其中就有你我现在的或将来的竞争对手。</p>

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12
 楼主| 发表于 2006-10-24 19:07:40 | 只看该作者
<p>以往的质量检验方法主要是站在生产者的角度看产品质量是否达标,其产品是否满足顾客的需求只有等到产品投放市场后才能获知,这往往会给企业带来难以弥补的损失。AUDIT法是一种新型质量检验方法,它站在消费者的立场上,促使企业主动地去满足顾客需求,从而能够使企业在激烈的质量竞争中稳操胜券。 <br/>AUDIT 是德国的叫法,在美国叫CSA,在日本叫QLA。汽车行业率先使用了这种思想并取得了很大的成效。AUDIT是企业模拟用户对自己的产品质量进行内部监督的自觉行为,它适用于所有批量生产、质量稳定的产品。目前国内外一些大的汽车生产企业,均采用AUDIT对自己的产品进行内部监督。 <br/>一、AUDIT方法的内涵 </p><p>AUDIT 方法的内涵是:制造企业按照用户的眼光和要求对经过检验合格的产品进行质量检查和评价,将检查出的质量缺陷落实责任,分析缺陷产生的原因,并采取整改措施消除缺陷,逐步提高产品的质量。通常,AUDIT方法对检查出来的缺陷用扣分的形式来表示,根据缺陷的等级程度确定扣分的多少.扣分越多则说明用户的满意度越低。 </p><p>显然AUDIT与质量检验同样都是对产品质量进行检查.但两者有着明显的不同。通过将检验方法与AUDIT方法进行对比分析,可以更深刻地认识AUDIT方法的内涵: </p><p>①立场不同。AUDIT是站在用户的立场上检查和评审产品质量,质量检验主要是站在生产者的立场上给质量把关。 </p><p>②时间不同。质量检验在前,AUDIT在后,只有经过质量检验合格,井出具合格征的产品,才能进行AUDIT检查。 </p><p>③标准不同。质量检验依据的是各种技术标准,AUDIT依据的是用户的各种要求,它的目的是使用户更满意。 </p><p>④数量不同。质量检验可以有全检和抽检,AUDIT只进行抽检,且抽检的准则与常规抽检不同。 </p><p>⑤结论不同。质量检验判定被检产品是否合格,对合格的产品出具合格证,对不合格的产品展出具不合格证,AUDIT检查则不出具合格证,它只给出用户的满意度。 </p><p>⑥作用不同。质量检验主要是把关,AUDIT主要是找出产品的缺陷,使产品质量不断得到提高。 </p><p>二、AUDIT的实施程序 </p><p>实施AUDIT法可以遵循以下程序: </p><p>1.设置专职的AUDIT工作组 </p><p>AUDIT工作组一般由企业负责人直接领导,人数一般以3—5人为宜,如果产品复杂,人数可更多些,但AUDIT人员都应该有较高的素质。工作组必须独立地工作,不受领导意志的干扰,工作组的日常工作也不应受到企业其它工作环节的影响。 </p><p>2.制定检查表 </p><p>以用户满意为准则制定检查表,制表时,可以参考各种标准和资料,特别是要借鉴同行企业的AUDIT检查表。检查表的项目应能够反映用户的观点,应将所有可能引起用户不满意的项目都收入检查表。右表是常见的AUDIT检查表的内容: </p><p>在确定扣分时,应经常到用户处收集意见,对于用户不十分抱怨的缺陷少扣分,对于用户抱怨大的缺陷应多扣分。产品缺陷一般可按下列特征分为四级(右表): </p><p>3.编制作业指导书 </p><p>AUDIT作业指导书包括AUDIT检查表、实施AUDIT检查的工作程序和具体操作规程。它是AUDIT检查员赖以实施检查工作的依据。 </p><p>4.确定审查周期、抽样原则和检查场地 </p><p>AUDIT 属于质量监督的范畴,要真正起到监督作用,AUDIT就应连续进行,不能间断;AUDIT抽样的数量多少应依据产品的复杂程度、检查员的数量、质量情况和生产情况而定,但在抽样时应保证样品的均匀性,要保证各种型号的产品都能抽到,合理确定抽样地点;检查场地要求宽敞、明亮、清洁,应该配备必要的检查工具,最好能够接近产品的装配车间,以便于搬运和向制造人员展示缺陷。 </p><p>5.实施检查 </p><p>抽取样品并进行诸项检查,在检查中每发现一项缺陷,就根据其严重程度分别计算和记录其扣分值,并在情况说明栏中填写责任单位名称,描述缺陷情况。在检查过程中应注意以下事项: </p><p>①对缺陷的位置、形貌要进行详细记录。 </p><p>②发现缺陷应立即向主管领导报告。 </p><p>③抽样和检查时不要对样品作任何处理。 </p><p>④在检查过程中发现新的缺陷后,应请示领导在检查表中增加这一项内容。 </p><p>⑤应向有关人员公布检查的原始记录,由责任单位来人认可审查结果。 </p><p>6.评定质量等级,发表AUDIT公报 </p><p>在检查结束后,利用计算机对结果进行处理,确定待检产品的扣分值和产品的质量等级。采用发布会的形式发布AUDIT公报.在发布公报时,应由AUDIT检查员宣读公报内容,回答问题,评讲质量情况,有关领导表态、观看实物等,注意不要流于形式。 </p><p>7.后续工作 </p><p>在公报发布完后,应将资料归档保存,经常统计分析AUDIT的各种材料,跟踪质量趋势,定期撰写质量分析报告;采取措施消除发现的缺陷。 </p>

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 楼主| 发表于 2006-10-24 19:08:30 | 只看该作者
<p>一、失效模式与影响分析法的涵义 <br/>产品在使用过程中出现故障或者失效是导致消费者不满的重要原因.企业为此投入了大量资源,但效果一直很不理想。失效模式与影响分析通过对设计和生产过程中可能出现的风险进行评价、分析,以便在现有技术的基础上将这些风险消除或减小到可接受的水平,是企业消除故障、减少失效、提高产品质量的重要工具。 <br/>在设计和制造产品时,通常有三道控制缺陷的防线:避免或消除故障起因、预先确定或检测故障、减少故障的影响和后果。FMEA正是帮助我们从第一道防线就将缺陷消灭在摇篮之中的有效工具,它实际上由FMA(失效模式分析)和FEA (故障影响分析)两部分组合而成。 </p><p>FMEA 是一种可靠性设计的重要方法。它通过对各种可能的风险进行分析和评价,极力在现有技术的基础上消除这些风险或将这些风险减小到可接受的水平。及时性是成功实施FMEA的最重要因素之一,它是一个“事前的行为”,而不是“事后的行为”,为达到最佳效益,FMEA必须在故障模式被纳入产品之前进行。 </p><p>二、失效模式与影响分析的系列化活动过程 </p><p>失效模式与影响分析的系列化活动过程为: </p><p>①找出产品或生产过程中潜在的故障模式。 </p><p>②根据相应的评价体系,对找出的潜在故障模式进行风险量化评估。 </p><p>③出故障起因的机理。 </p><p>④寻找预防或改进的措施。 </p><p>由于产品故障可能与设计、制造过程、使用、承包商或供应商以及服务等有关,因此FMEA又细分为设计FMEA、过程FMEA、使用FMEA和服务FMEA四类。其中设计FMEA和过程FMEA最为常用。 </p><p>设计FMEA (也记为d—FMEA)应在一个设计概念形成之时或之前开始,并且在产品开发的各阶段当中,当设计有变化或者当获得其他有用信息时,应及时不断地修改.且使修正在图样加工完成之前结束。其评价与分析的对象是最终的产品以及每个与之相关的系统、子系统和零部件。 </p><p>需要注意的是,d—FMEA在体现设计意图的同时,还应保证制造成装配能够实现设计意图。因此,虽然d—FMEA不是靠过程控制来克服设计中的缺陷,但其可以考虑制造或装配过程中技术上的和客观的限制,从而为过程控制提供了良好的基础。实施d—FMEA有助于: </p><p>①提高在设计或开发过程中考虑游在故障模式及其对系统和产品影响的可能性; </p><p>②为制定全面、有效的设计试验计划和开发项目提供更多的信息; </p><p>③建立一套改进设计和开发试验的优先控制系统; </p><p>④为将来分析研究现场情况、评价设计的更改以及开发更先进的设计提供参考。 </p><p>过程FMEA (也记为P-FMEA)在生产工装准备之前、在过程可行性分析阶段或之前开始,而且要考虑从单个零件到总成的所有制造过程。其评价与分析的对象是所有新的部件和过程、更改过的部件和过程及应用或环境有变化的原有部件和过程。需要注意的是,虽然 </p><p>p—FMEA不是靠改变产品设计来克服过程缺陷,但它要考虑与计划的装配过程有关的产品设计特性参数,以便最大限度地保证产品满足用户的要求和期望。p—FMEA一般包括下述内容: </p><p>①确定与产品相关的过程潜在故障模式; </p><p>②评价故障对用户的潜在影响; </p><p>③确定潜在制造或装配过程的故障起因,找出故障条件的过程控制变量; </p><p>④编制潜在故障模式分级表,建立纠正措施的优选体系; </p><p>⑤将制造或装配过程文件化。 </p><p>FMEA 技术的应用发展十分迅速。20世纪50年代初,美国第一次将FMEA思想用于一种战斗机操作系统的设计分析,到了60年代中期,FMEA技术正式用于航天工业。1976年,美国国防部颁布了FMEA的军用标准,但仅限于设计方面。70年代末,FMEA技术开始进入汽车工业和医疗设备工业。80年代初,进入微电子工业。80年代中期,汽车工业开始应用过程FMEA确认其制造过程。到了19888年,美国联邦航空局发布咨询通报要求所有航空系统的设计及分析都必须使用FMEA。1991年,ISO9000推荐使用FMEA以提高产品和过程的设计。1994年,FMEA又成为QS—9000的认证要求。目前, FMEA已在工程实践中形成了一套科学而完整的分析方法。 </p>

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 楼主| 发表于 2006-10-24 19:13:28 | 只看该作者
<p>潜在的失效模式及后果分析(FMEA)</p><p>一、失效模式及后果分析(FMEA)的概念及定义:<br/>失效模式及后果分析(Failure Mode and Effects Analysis:简称FMEA):指一组系统化的活动,其目的在:1)找出、评价产品/过程中潜在的失效及其后果;2)找到能够避免或减少这些潜在失效发生的措施;3)书面总结以上过程,并使其文件化。为确保顾客满意,FMEA是对设计过程的完善。</p><p>FEMA是潜在的失效模式及后果分析的缩写,本应写成P-FMEA,但由于企业/公司常用D-FMEA表示产品FMEA,用P-FMEA表示过程FMEA,所以用FMEA表示潜在的失效模式及后果分析,以免混淆。</p><p>FMEA是用现行的技术对风险进行评估与分析的一种方法,其目的在于清除风险或使其減少至一个可以接受的程度,其中对用戶(顾客)利与弊也必須加以考虑。</p><p>FMEA主要是将其作为一种控制工具和/或风险分析工具和/或管理工具运用在下列活动中:<br/>1)设计控制;2)生产计划;3)生产控制;4)分承包方的评选和供应商的质量保证;5)冒险分析;6)风险分析;7)召回产品的评估;8)顾客运用;9)说明书和警告标签;10)产品服务和保修;11)工程更改通知;12)制造过程的差异等。</p><p><br/>二、失效模式及后果分析(FMEA)的发展历史: <br/>2.1 60年代中期: 开始于航天业(阿波罗计划), 最初多少起了凈室文件的作用。<br/>2.2 1972年: NAAO正式采用FMEA作为可靠度计划使用;发展阶段:不断地完善文件及作<br/>为自我检查的工具。<br/>2.3 1974年: 美海军制定船上设备的标准,Mil-Std-1625(船)“实行船上设备失效模式及后果分析的程序”,这使FMEA第一次有机会进入军用品供货商界;发展阶段:有组织的可靠度程度。 <br/>2.4 1976年: 美国国防部采用FMEA来作为领导军队服务的研发及后勤工作的标准;调整阶段:虽然只强调设计面。<br/>2.5 1988年: 美运输部的联邦航空管理局发表通告要求所有航空系统的设计及分析均使用FMEA。<br/>2.6 1989年: 美健康与人类服务部颁布“生产质量保证计划”(FDA90-4236);FMEA被要求用于设施资格认可.<br/>2.7 1990年: 美汽油协会建议将FMEA溶于设计之中(ANSI Z21.64 and Z21.47)。 美铁道业建议用FMEA来提高火车车厢的安全性。ISO9000建议用FMEA作设计检讨。<br/>2.8 1991年: ISO9000系列改版后建议用FMEA来提高产品及过程的设计。<br/>2.9 1993年: 美健康与人类服务部的FDA(食品与药品管理局)计划将目前的GMP利用可靠性工具改变成综合性的研发文件;如:FMEA及FTA,来提高产品安全性及顾客的保护。<br/>2.10 1994年: FMEA成为QS-9000证书获得的不可缺少的一部分。QS-9000是一个自发性项目,是由美国三大汽车公司(克莱斯勒、福特及通用)组成的供货商质<br/>量要求工作队制定的。<br/>2.11 1995年: 美海军工作队将FMEA运用于2010项目的后勤支持计划。<br/>2.12 1996年: 美FDA GMP (如今的质量体系规定)更新后,结合设计控制及规定作风险分析;如FMEA。</p><p>三、失效模式及后果分析(FMEA)的原则:<br/>FMEA是一种指导产品研究与开发的技术工具,它针对市场/顾客的需求,符合一套制度、一种产品或一个项目的主要范围/目的并进一步对各项选择加以平衡。FMEA可以于研究与开发阶段做为控制工具和冒险分析工具加以运用。FMEA可以当作过<br/>程规划工具、过程控制工具、供货商质量保证工具、应用工具、服务工具(说明书及警告标签)。FMEA最好的特性是可以将所有工程、操作、质量、服务方面工作效果结合为一体。</p><p>除了工业制造方面外,这种集中处理方法也可运用于服务业,如:银行业务、高速公路/桥梁维护、港务运作、设备维护及服务项目规划、军队作业、和保安服务等等。 FMEA也可成功运用于军队后勤计划工作,如:美国海军2010计划(海上操作演习…)。 <br/>FMEA是一门学科及一种制造方法,它能帮助工程师、管理人员、科学家们,根据产品的功能特性加以创新。它是能找出有关产品潜在问题的一个系统化的过程。而这些潜在问题可能是由于明确任务、设计意图和定功能的定义、设计平衡、产品的设计、产品制造、产品应用或现场产品服务而造成的。</p><p>FMEA是有结构、有指引为一个流程,用来找出在完成预计的功能时潜在的失效和可能的失效原因(然后消除),以及确定失效影响的它们(然后消除其影响的后果)。 </p><p>FMEA应在产品周期的前期可行阶段实施。要使FMEA的好处充分体现唯有其在设计效果、设计选择、折中设计(平衡设计)和制造过程规划中充当引导工具。当产品一确定就开始进行FMEA的那就相当好了。</p><p>FMEA是一门学科、一个过程及现存的文件。它与产品设计、过程开发、采购及供货商质量、下游应用和现场服务等,都始终有着互动的关系。</p><p>一项合格的FMEA工作是产品生命周期的一份活生生的文件。一个产品的FMEA反映了产品最近动态及设计(更改)层面。一项过程FMEA应反映出生产现场目前或规划中的制造过程。最新的应用FMEA和服务FMEA在方法上的要求是一样的。</p><p><br/>四、失效模式及后果分析(FMEA)分类:<br/>4.1 产品FMEA(也叫做D-FMEA):<br/>针对产品 如:1系统<br/>1.1附属系统<br/>1.2附属装配<br/>1.3部件/零件<br/>1.4原料<br/>1.5特性/特质 <br/>4.2 过程FMEA(也叫做P-FMEA):<br/>针对制造过程 如:2过程/流动过程 <br/>2.1顺序/过程的步骤<br/>2.2设备/机器 <br/>2.3工具/裝置/夾具<br/>2.4操作者<br/>2.5制造影响的 <br/>2.6材料品质 <br/>4.3 应用FMEA(也叫做A-FMEA):<br/>4.3.1 供货商方面:也叫做上游供货商的FMEA,主要针对供货商的设计和制造过<br/>程以便维持你的产品所需要的关键/主要特性。<br/>4.3.2 顾客方面:也叫做下游顾客的FMEA,主要针对顾客的制造过程。<br/>4.4 服务FMEA(也叫做S-FMEA):<br/>针对:1)售后现场服务; 2)说明书和警告标签; 3)可靠性、维修性、服务性、零件可供性、服务人员安排、保修期限提供和其它有关现场服务活动。</p><p><br/>五、为什么要做失效模式及后果分析(FMEA)? <br/>1)工程创新与突破;2)设计/开发、制造、应用、需要的服务(不是想要的服务); 3)导入市场时间; 4)成本;5)一致的工程/平衡设计;6)结合所有工作效果;7)产品创新与技术领先;8)顾客满意及期望;9)政府法规要求;10)代理推荐; 11)冒险分析;12)法律问题及法庭意见。<br/>简洁明白:不利用它我们担当不起。</p><p><br/>六、失效模式及后果分析(FMEA)的工作架构(过程):<br/>6.1 功能: 你要完成什么?<br/>6.1.1 內容?<br/>6.1.2 范围? <br/>6.1.3 目的?<br/>6.2 失效模式:两种失效模式 <br/>6.2.1 特定功能操作失效<br/>6.2.2 有些你不要的,或有些可能沒有的(规格限制)<br/>6.3 原因: 四种可能的原因<br/>6.3.1 与设计有关 <br/>6.3.2 与制造过程有关 <br/>6.3.3 与应用或分承包方/供货商有关 <br/>6.3.4 与服务有关 <br/>6.4 效果: <br/>6.4.1 设计方面:有三种可能的效果 <br/>6.4.1.1 对最终产品用户 <br/>6.4.1.2 对本工程/检讨范围 <br/>6.4.1.3 对中间商 <br/>6.4.2 制造过程方面:有两种效果 <br/>6.4.2.1对产品 <br/>6.4.2.2 对过程(本过程及下游过程) <br/>6.5 控制计划:<br/>用来帮助设计人员通过所有被认为重要区域的一致的工程效果来取得沟通帮助的<br/>工具。 </p><p>6.6 当前控制:<br/>6.6.1 你(对现有设计)做了什么?或你(对将来设计)会做什么以用来评估,消除或减少风险发生? <br/>6.6.1.1 避免原因发生 <br/>6.6.1.2 提早确定问题存在 <br/>6.6.1.3 减少后果及影响 <br/>6.7 风险评估: <br/>6.7.1 将频度(O)、 不易探测度(D)和严重度(S)的结果综合并做风险评估。 <br/>6.7.2 用RPN(风险顺序数)表示: RPN = (O)×(D)×(S)<br/>6.8 建议改善措施: <br/>无论你对总体风险评估满意与否,你都应写出计划。<br/>6.9 采取措施: <br/>根据建议的改善措施,你做了什么? </p><p><br/>七、FMEA与 FMA之区別:<br/>7.1 失效模式分析(FMA)的概念和定义:<br/>失效模式分析(Failure Mode Analysis:简称FMA):指用来分析当前和以往过<br/>程的失效模式数据,以防止这些失效模式将来再发生的正式的结构化的程序。</p><p>7.2 FMEA-潜在的失效模式及后果分析 <br/>7.2.1 关键词:潜在的——还没有发生的 <br/>7.2.2 有可能发生 <br/>7.2.3 也有可能不会发生 <br/>7.2.4 集中于:预防—处理预计的失效,其原因及后果/影响 <br/>7.2.5 主要工作:风险评估—潜在失效模式的后果影响 <br/>7.2.6 FMEA开始于设计活动前,并贯穿实施于整个产品周期</p><p>7.3 FMA-失效模式分析<br/>7.3.1 关键词:失效—已实际发生 <br/>7.3.2 100%既成事实 <br/>7.3.3 集中于:诊断—处理已知问题 <br/>7.3.4 FMA在生产或范围内实施 </p><p><br/>八、预防与不易探测度的概念:<br/>8.1 預防<br/>8.1.1 预防潜在失效模式以免发生<br/>8.1.2 强调避免原因发生,提早探测<br/>8.2 不易探测度<br/>8.2.1 识别或探测已发生的失效<br/>8.2.2 重点在于对已出现的失效的识别技巧或探测方法<br/>8.2.3 不易探测度的有怀疑是重要问题<br/>8.2.4 记住—要探测的问题已经存在并且此项不符的成本已经发生,有人要承担责任<br/>FMEA是一种预防方法也是一种不易探测度的方法。它是两种概念的结合体,以便<br/>使产品在整个生命周期中运作更好。</p><p><br/>九、FMEA的实施:<br/>由于不断追求产品质量是一个企业不可推卸的责任,所以应用FMEA技术来识别并消除在隐患有着举足轻重的作用。对车辆回收的研究结果表明,全面实施FMEA能够避免许多事件的发生。</p><p>虽然FMEA的准备工作中,每项职责都必须明确到个人,但是要完成FMEA还得依靠集体协作,必须综合每个人的智慧。例如:需要有设计、制造、装配、售后服务、质量及可靠性等各方面的专业人才。及时性是成功实施FMEA的最重要因素之一,它是一个“事前的行为”,而不是“事后的行为”。为达到最佳效益,FMEA必须在设计或过程失效模式被无意地纳入设计产品之前进行。事先花时间很好地进行综合的FMEA分析,能够容易、低成本地对产品或过程进行修改,从而减轻事后修改的危机。FMEA能够减少或消除因修改而带来更大损失的机会。适当地应用FMEA是一个相互作用的过程,永无止境。</p>

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15
 楼主| 发表于 2006-10-24 19:14:14 | 只看该作者
<p>抽样(Sampling)是一种有效收集流程统计资料的方法,被收集资料的流程称为母体(Population)。抽出一批产品中的一部份来分析或查验就称为抽样,其目的是为了能由少数资料去推论流程或过去流程的状况。</p><p>一个完整的抽样计划必须包含所要管制的项目、样本大小、组数、抽样频率和量测方法,以收集足够且具代表性的资料来达成流程数据的验证阶段的目的。一个好的抽样计划必须能收集并分辨出流程变异的根源,一般包括:</p><p>1.件内变异(Within-PieceVariation):例如同一个客户对同一款手机的满意度不一定相同,也许需要在不同地点,如住宅和办公室分别测量其满意度数据;</p><p>2.件间变异(Piece-to-PieceVariation):即同一时段内的不同客户会有不同的反应;</p><p>3.时间与客户的变异(Time-to-TimeVariation):不同时段的客户会得到不同的满意度数据</p><p>为了能够准确的找出流程变异的根源,进行抽样统计时应遵循以下原则:</p><p>一、样本大小</p><p>抽取较大样本可以比较容易地探测出流程的微小变化,而小的样本仅可探测出较大流程的变化,因此在选择样本大小时,必须先了解欲探测的流程变异的大小,再决定样本的大小。目前实际的应用上,常采用小样本但抽样次数高的作法。</p><p>二、样组大小</p><p>其一般原则大致如下</p><p>○1个:用于破坏性试验或某些化学流程</p><p>○2~3个:当抽样成本昂贵时则采取小样组</p><p>○4个(或以上):为最好的统计模式</p><p>○5个:计算方便</p><p>○10个(或以上):可增加灵敏度</p><p>三、抽样方法</p><p>1.简单随机抽样(SimpleRandomSampling)</p><p>在n个实验单元中如变数的所有样本出现的机会相同,采用简单随机抽样。如由自动化机器产生的成品箱里抽取几个品项。</p><p>2.分层抽样(StratifiedSampling)</p><p>把总体分为若干相同性质的小组并在各组内随机抽样;如公司内有两个电镀生产线,则从各电镀生产线随机选取零件,保证能估计各电镀生产线对镀件变异的影响。</p><p>3.分群抽样(ClusterSampling)</p><p>把总体分为若干相同性质的小组并在各组内随机抽样。例如公司内有五条生产线,每条又都各有八个生产单位,则首先将各生产线和生产单位赋予随机编号,然后从随机选取的生产线和生产单位内选取一个零件,直到数量足够为止。</p><p>4.系统抽样(SystemSampling)</p><p>开始时随机选取一个单元,然后每隔K个单元选取一个样本,直到足够数量才始测量。</p><p>四.抽样频率通常流程变异大的,则抽样的频率高;流程变异小的,则抽样频率低</p>

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16
 楼主| 发表于 2006-10-24 19:17:26 | 只看该作者
<p>5S现场检查<br/>&nbsp;<br/>1、工作台上的消耗品、工具、治具、计测器等无用或暂无用物品须取走 <br/>2、生产线上不应放置多余物品及无掉落的零件 <br/>3、地面不能直接放置成品、零件以及掉有零部件 </p><p>4、不良品放置在不良品区内 </p><p>5、作业区应标明并区分开 </p><p>6、工区内物品放置应有整体感 </p><p>7、不同类型、用途的物品应分开管理 </p><p>8、私人物品不应在工区出现 </p><p>9、电源线应管理好,不应杂乱无章或抛落在地上 </p><p>10、标志胶带的颜色要明确(绿色为固定,黄色为移动,红色为不良) </p><p>11、卡板、塑胶箱应按平行、垂直放置 </p><p>12、没有使用的治具、工具、刃物应放置在工具架上 </p><p>13、治具架上长期不使用的模具、治工具、刃物和经常使用的物品应区分开 </p><p>14、测量工具的放置处不要有其他物品放置 </p><p>15、装配机械的设备上不能放置多余物品 </p><p>16、作业工具放置的方法是否易放置 </p><p>17、作业岗位不能放置不必要的工具 </p><p>18、治具架上不能放置治具以外的杂物 </p><p>19、零件架、工作台、清洁柜、垃圾箱应在指定标志场所按水平直角放置 </p><p>整顿 </p><p>20、消耗品、工具、治具、计测器应在指定标志场所按水平直角放置 </p><p>21、台车、棚车、推车、铲车应在指定标志场所水平直角放置 </p><p>22、零件、零件箱应在指定标志场所水平直角整齐放置 </p><p>23、成品、成品箱应在指定标志场所整齐放置 </p><p>24、零件应与编码相对应,编码不能被遮住 </p><p>25、空箱不能乱放,须整齐美观且要及时回收 </p><p>26、底板类物品在指定标志场所水平直角放置 </p><p>27、落线机、样本、检查设备应在指定标志场所水平直角放置 </p><p>28、文件的存放应按不同内容分开存放并详细注明 </p><p>29、标志用胶带应无破损、无起皱呈水平直角状态 </p><p>30、标志牌、指示书、标准、工程标志应在指定标志场所水平直角放置 </p><p>31、宣传白板、公布栏内容应适时更换,应标明责任部门及担当者姓名 </p><p>32、休息区的椅子,休息完后应重新整顿 </p><p>33、清洁用具用完后应放入清洁柜或指定场所 </p><p>34、通道上不能放置物品 </p><p>35、不允许放置物品的地方(通道除外)要有标识 </p><p>36、各种柜、架的放置处要有明确标识 </p><p>37、半成品的放置处应明确标识 </p><p>38、成品、零部件不能在地面直接放置 </p><p>39、不良品放置区应有明确规定 </p><p>40、不良品放置场地应用红色等颜色予以区分 </p><p>41、不良品放置场地应设置在明显的地方 </p><p>42、修理品应放置在生产线外 </p><p>43、零件放置场所的标识表示应完备 </p><p>44、塑胶箱、捆包材料上应标明品名 </p><p>45、作业工具的放置位置不能走路或弯腰才能放置 </p><p>46、应下工夫大概在放置位置放手就能放置作业工具 </p><p>47、作业工具放置处应有余量 </p><p>48、治具、工具架上应有编码 </p><p>49、在架子前应能清楚辩明上面的编码 </p><p>50、治具、工具架应导入用不同颜色标识区分 </p><p>51、治具是否按使用频率放置,使用频率越高的放置越近 </p><p>52、治具、工具应按成品类别成套放置 </p><p>53、成品的放置应该按规格型号区分开 </p><p>54、成品的放置场地的通路和放置场所应画线表示区分 </p><p>55、成品上应有编码(番号)、数量的表示 </p><p>56、包装材料和成品的堆放高度应作出规定 </p><p>57、治具架应采取容易取出的放置方法 </p><p>58、不能使用未被认定的不良测量工具(精密度检查颜色用标贴表示) </p><p>59、测定具应采取防尘、防锈的放置方法 </p><p>60、私用杯子应按规定放置 </p><p>61、测定具在托盘下面应使用橡胶之类的缓冲材料 </p><p>清扫 </p><p>62、地面应保持无灰尘、无碎屑、纸屑等杂物 </p><p>63、墙角、底板、设备下应为重点清扫区域 </p><p>64、地面上浸染的油污应清洗 </p><p>清洁 </p><p>65、工作台、文件柜、治具、柜架、门窗等应保持无灰尘、无油污 </p><p>66、设备、配膳箱应保持无灰尘、无油污 </p><p>67、地面应定时打扫,保持无灰尘、无油污 </p><p>68、工作鞋、工作服应整齐干净,不乱写乱画 </p><p>69、装配机械本体不能有锈和油漆的剥落,盖子应无脱落 </p><p>70、清洁柜、清洁用具应保持干净 </p><p>71、不做与工作无关的事 </p><p>72、严格遵守和执行公司各项规章制度 </p><p>73、按时上下班,按时打卡,不早退,不迟到,不旷工 </p><p>74、积极认真按时做早、晚令 </p><p>75、按规定和要求扎头发 </p><p>修养 </p><p>76、按规定穿工作鞋、工作服、佩带工作证 </p><p>77、吸烟应到规定场所,不得在作业区吸烟 </p><p>78、工作前,用餐前应洗手,打卡、吃饭应自觉排队,不插队 </p><p>79、如需戴手套,按要求将手套戴好 </p><p>80、对上司应保持基本礼仪 </p><p>81、不随地吐痰,不随便乱抛垃圾,看见垃圾立即拾起放好 </p><p>82、上班时间不准进食,如早餐、零食等物 </p><p>83、应注意良好的个人卫生 </p><p>安全 </p><p>84、对危险品应有明显的标识 </p><p>85、各安全出口的前面不能有物品堆积 </p><p>86、灭火器应在指定位置放置及处于可使用状态 </p><p>87、消火栓的前面或下面不能有物品放置 </p><p>88、易燃品的持有量应在允许范围以内 </p><p>89、所有消防设施应处于正常动作状态 </p><p>90、有无物品伸入或占用通道 </p><p>91、空调、电梯等大型设施设备的开关及使用应指定专人负责或制定相关规定 </p><p>92、电源、线路、开关、插座有否异常现象出现 </p><p>93、严禁违章操作 </p><p>94、对易倾倒物品应采取防倒措施 </p><p>95、有否火种遗留 </p><p>办公区 </p><p>96、桌面文具文件摆放是否整齐有序 </p><p>97、物品是否都是必需品 </p><p>98、垃圾是否及时倾倒 </p><p>99、办公桌、电脑及其他办公设施是否干净无尘 </p><p>100、人员仪容端正,精神饱满,都在认真工作 </p>

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17
 楼主| 发表于 2006-10-25 17:31:01 | 只看该作者
<p>项目风险管理与蒙特卡罗方法 <br/>&nbsp;<br/>&nbsp;<br/>项目风险管理与蒙特卡罗方法 <br/>&nbsp;</p><p>(一)项目风险管理作为项目管理九个领域中一个重要的组成部分,正在受到越来越多的重视。在美国项目管理学会的(项目管理知识体系指南》2000版中,风险管理一章被完全重写,说明这是一个十分活跃、处于快速成长中的课题。 </p><p>项目风险管理之所以重要,显然是由于项目管理所必然面临的不确定因素。根据对项目的定义,任何项目都有其某种程度的唯一性或特殊性。项目管理区别于企业管理的重要一点,在于项目管理所面临的各种变化因素。内部和外部的变化,主动和被动的变化,可以预见的和不可预见的变化,为项目带来风险,为项目管理带来难度,迫使企业管理层和项目经理增强风险意识、预先制定或临时采取应对措施。可以说,没有风险意识、没有应对措施的项目管理,成功的可能性是比较小的。</p><p>一个项目是否成功,要考察多项指标。至少要从费用、进度、范围和质量这几个方面综合衡量。无论从国际和国内项目管理的现状来看,能称得上是成功的项目并不占多数。因此,对项目的风险管理绝不可掉以轻心。</p><p>项目风险管理要求我们遵循的一些基本原则其实也是最朴素的道理。例如,对项目的成本估算要留有余地,对项目的进度计划也要留有余地。</p><p>按照这些原则来衡量,我国现行的一些项目管理方法还有一定差距。例如,我国目前在做项目成本估算时,还在大量套用各种概预算定额。要想达到目前国际上认可的对可研阶段项目成本估算的精度要求,就不能简单地套用概、预算定额。从概预算定额出发做成本估算的方法,本来是属于“自下而上”的方法,应当是一种比较精确的估算方法。问题在于,我们的概预算定额制定的周期一般都比较长,跟不上市场的变化。在加入WTO之后,各种产品的价格问题更是一个需要认真对待的问题。在计划经济下,国家规定的某种价格可以长期不变,套用概预算定额做项目估算问题还不大。在市场经济下,某种产品的价格经常变化,不单随国内市场变化,也随国际市场变化,套用概预算定额的方法就可能出问题。这是问题的一个侧面。从项目的风险管理角度来说,套用概预算定额的方法的另一个根本性的弊病在于,它所使用的价格往往是单一的,或者叫单点取样。用单点取样的方法是不可能进行风险分析的。因此,从市场经济的角度和风险管理的角度,传统的套用概预算的成本估算方法应当在彻底改革之列。</p><p>同样,对项目活动的用时也要采用多点取样的估计法并且应当考虑路径收敛等与风险相关的问题。</p><p>项目管理如果做到这种过细的程度,那么项目的评估和审批就有了比较可靠的基础。靠钻漏洞造成的所谓的“钓鱼工程”、“胡子工程”以及不切实际的”献礼工程”等等与项目成本和项目进度有关的不正常现象就有可能大大避免。 为了对项目风险做到心中有数,除了要对风险进行定性分析,还应当进行定量分析。在定量分析方法中,蒙特卡罗模拟方法是美国项目管理学会推荐的一种方法。</p><p>(二)蒙特卡罗模拟是一种随机模拟方法。蒙特卡罗方法得名于欧洲著名赌城,摩纳哥的蒙特卡罗。大概是因为赌博游戏与概率的内在联系,第二次世界大战时美国曼哈顿计划中把这种方法称为蒙特卡罗方法。在这之前,蒙特卡罗方法就已经存在。1777年,法国Buffon提出用投针实验的方法求圆周率∏。这被认为是蒙特卡罗方法的起源。</p><p>蒙特卡罗模拟是一种有效的统计实验计算法。这种方法的基本思想是人为地造出一种概率模型,使它的某些参数恰好重合于所需计算的量;又可以通过实验,用统计方法求出这些参数的估值;把这些估值作为要求的量的近似值。</p><p>从理论上来说,蒙特卡罗方法需要大量的实验。实验次数越多,所得到的结果才越精确。以上面说到的投针实验为例、历史上的记录如下表1。</p><p>从表中数据可以看到,一直到公元20世纪初期,尽管实验次数数以千计,利用蒙特卡罗方法所得到的圆周率∏值,还是达不到公元5世纪祖冲之的推算精度。这可能是传统蒙特卡罗方法长期得不到推广的主要原因。</p><p>计算机技术的发展,使得蒙特卡罗方法在最近10年得到快速的普及。现代的蒙特卡罗方法,已经不必亲自动手做实验,而是借助计算机的高速运转能力,使得原本费时费力的实验过程,变成了快速和轻而易举的事情。它不但用于解决许多复杂的科学方面的问题,也被项目管理人员经常使用。借助计算机技术,蒙特卡罗方法实现了两大优点:一是简单,省却了繁复的数学报导和演算过程,使得一般人也能够理解和掌握;二是快速。简单和快速,是蒙特卡罗方法在现代项目管理中获得应用的技术基础。</p><p>在项目管理中,常常用到的随机变量是与成本和进度有关的变量如价格、用时等。由于实际工作中可以获得的数据量有限,它们往往是以离散型变量的形式出现的。例如,对于某种成本只知道最低价格、最高价格和最可能价格;对于某项活动的用时往往只知道最少用时、最多用时和最可能用时三个数据。经验告诉我们,项目管理中的这些变量服从某些概率模型。现代统计数学则提供了把这些离散型的随机分布转换为预期的连续型分布的可能。可以利用计算机针对某种概率模型轻易进行数以千计、甚至数以万计的模拟随机抽样。项目管理中蒙特卡罗模拟方法的一般步骤是:</p><p>1、对每一项活动,输入最小、最大和最可能估计数据,并为其选择一种合适的先验分布模型;</p><p>2、计算机根据上述输入,利用给定的某种规则,快速实施充分大量的随机抽样;</p><p>3、对随机抽样的数据进行必要的数学计算,求出结果;</p><p>4、对求出的结果进行统计学处理,求出最小值、最大值以及数学期望值和单位标准偏差;</p><p>5、根据求出的统计学处理数据,让计算机自动生成概率分布曲线和累积概率曲线(通常是基于正态分布的概率累积S曲线);</p><p>6、依据累积概率曲线进行项目风险分析。</p><p>由于计算机的运算速度非常快,蒙特卡罗模拟也可以同时进行敏感性分析。</p><p>目前,发达国家已经把蒙特卡罗模拟方法列入项目管理的常规方法。有关计算机应用软件也已经有许多种产品。 必须指出的是,目前的项目风险管理还是有很大局限性的。项目风险管理虽然被看作项目决策过程的一部分,实际上主要还是面对项目的实施阶段,没有太多顾及项目可能带来的的长远影响。随着对自然界未知领域的探索不断深入,随着新的科学、新的技术的快速进步,人类在获得眼前利益的同时,也正在面对未来更长远、更深刻、更复杂的不确定因素。因此,项目的风险管理必将随着人类的进步而变得更为重要,获得更大的发展。&nbsp;<br/>&nbsp;<br/>&nbsp;<br/></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"></span></p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">蒙特卡罗的作用</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">&Oslash;<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">计算在众多不确定性因素影响下,项目可能的收益、进度和成本;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">&Oslash;<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分析在众多不确定性因素影响下,达到项目目标的概率;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">&Oslash;<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分析各种不确定性因素对项目的影响程度;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">&Oslash;<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">找出关键性的影响因素。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">怎么做</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></font></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">确定要分析的不确定因素</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:三项项目活动的时间估计</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T1</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T2</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T3</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><line id="_x0000_s1062" to="153pt,15.6pt" from="135pt,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251659776; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1060" to="90pt,15.6pt" from="1in,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251657728; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; flip: y;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1058" to="135pt,0" from="90pt,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251655680; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">          </span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T1</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 63pt; mso-char-indent-count: 6.0;"><line id="_x0000_s1063" to="153pt,31.2pt" from="135pt,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251660800; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; flip: y;"><wrap side="left"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1061" to="90pt,31.2pt" from="1in,3.9pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251658752; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></wrap></line><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">①</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">   </span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">   </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">②</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">          </span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T3</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></font></span></span><line id="_x0000_s1059" to="135pt,0" from="90pt,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251656704; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1057" to="153pt,-27.3pt" from="1in,-27.3pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251654656; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1056" to="1in,226.2pt" from="1in,222.3pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251653632; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; flip: y;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">确定目标函数</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:项目活动总时间=</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Max(T1,T2,T)<p></p></font></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">.找出不确定因素的概率分布</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:三项项目活动的时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T1</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T2</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">符合</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">β</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分布。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项目管理中常用的概率分布:</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p><table class="MsoTableWeb3" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 3pt outset; BORDER-TOP: 3pt outset; BORDER-LEFT: 3pt outset; BORDER-BOTTOM: 3pt outset; mso-cellspacing: 2.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: -1; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">β</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分布</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">正态分布</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">泊松分布</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项目活动的工期</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项目活动的成本</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项目总时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项目总成本</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项目总收益</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">机器故障问题</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">产品质量问题</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项目运营维护费用</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">利用随机数表或计算机在其概率区间内产生随机数</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:设项目活动的最短时间为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天,最长为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天,在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8-12</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的区间内随机产生三个变量,分别模拟三项项目活动的时间。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">进行大量次数的模拟实验</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:产生随 量的过程重复</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">300</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">次(或以上)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6.</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">计算目标函数值</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7.</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">对实验结果进行统计</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:分别统计项目总时间分别落在“项目开始-第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天”、“第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天-第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天”、“第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天-第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天”的频率。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b></font></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">对影响项目结果的因素做出敏感性分析</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:分别计算</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T1</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T2</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T3</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">落在关键路径上的次数,从而算出三条路径对项目总时间的影响程度。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">适用范围:</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">蒙特卡罗的特点是模拟次数越多,计算结果的可靠性越大。特别适用于在计算机上对大型项目、新产品项目和其他含有大量不确定因素的复杂决策系统进行风险模拟分析;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">蒙特卡罗模拟法不可能使计算结果发生实质性变化,但是可以给 算结果的概率分布,便于预测达到预期目标的可能性。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:用蒙特卡罗做敏感性分析的流程图:</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: .5;"><span lang="EN-US"><group id="_x0000_s1026" coordsize="7200,9511" coordorigin="2355,2643" editas="canvas" style="WIDTH: 414pt; HEIGHT: 546pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: char; mso-position-vertical-relative: line;"><lock aspectratio="t" vext="edit"></lock><shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" opreferrelative="t" ospt="75"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path oconnecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" oextrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" vext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_s1027" opreferrelative="f" type="#_x0000_t75" style="LEFT: 2355px; WIDTH: 7200px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2643px; HEIGHT: 9511px;"><font face="Times New Roman"><fill odetectmouseclick="t"></fill><path oconnecttype="none" oextrusionok="t"></path><lock vext="edit" text="t"></lock></font></shape><rect id="_x0000_s1028" style="LEFT: 4703px; WIDTH: 1722px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2779px; HEIGHT: 407px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1028;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">N</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">=</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1=H2=H3=0</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><rect id="_x0000_s1029" style="LEFT: 4703px; WIDTH: 1722px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3458px; HEIGHT: 1223px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1029;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">产生随机数</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">≤X1≤12<p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">8≤X2≤12<p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">8≤X3≤12</span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1030" to="5486,3459" from="5485,3186" style="OSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"></stroke></line><shapetype id="_x0000_t110" coordsize="21600,21600" path="m10800,l,10800,10800,21600,21600,10800xe" ospt="110"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><path oconnecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" textboxrect="5400,5400,16200,16200"></path></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t110" style="LEFT: 4390px; WIDTH: 2348px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4953px; HEIGHT: 1087px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1031;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X1&gt;X2AND</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X1&gt;X3</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></shape><line id="_x0000_s1032" to="5486,4953" from="5485,4681" style="OSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><shape id="_x0000_s1033" type="#_x0000_t110" style="LEFT: 4390px; WIDTH: 2348px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 6312px; HEIGHT: 1357px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1033;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X1AND</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X3</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></shape><line id="_x0000_s1034" to="5486,6312" from="5485,6040" style="OSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><rect id="_x0000_s1035" style="LEFT: 6581px; WIDTH: 1252px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4953px; HEIGHT: 408px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1035;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">=</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">+</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1036" to="7364,5496" from="6738,5496" style="OSITION: absolute;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1037" to="7364,5496" from="7364,5360" style="OSITION: absolute; flip: y;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1038" to="7364,4953" from="7364,4138" style="OSITION: absolute; flip: y;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1039" to="7364,4138" from="6425,4138" style="OSITION: absolute; flip: x;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><rect id="_x0000_s1040" style="LEFT: 3138px; WIDTH: 1095px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 6040px; HEIGHT: 407px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1040;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H2=H2+1</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1041" to="4390,6991" from="3607,6991" style="OSITION: absolute; flip: x;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1042" to="3607,6991" from="3607,6447" style="OSITION: absolute; flip: y;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1043" to="3607,6040" from="3607,4273" style="OSITION: absolute; flip: y;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1044" to="4703,4273" from="3607,4273" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><rect id="_x0000_s1045" style="LEFT: 4546px; WIDTH: 2036px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 8078px; HEIGHT: 407px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1045;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X3&gt;X1ANDX3&gt;X2</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1046" to="5485,8078" from="5485,7670" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><rect id="_x0000_s1047" style="LEFT: 4859px; WIDTH: 1409px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 8757px; HEIGHT: 408px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1047;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H3=H3+1</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1048" to="5485,8757" from="5485,8485" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><shape id="_x0000_s1049" type="#_x0000_t110" style="LEFT: 4077px; WIDTH: 3130px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 9572px; HEIGHT: 816px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1049;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1+H2+H3</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">≤300</span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></shape><rect id="_x0000_s1050" style="LEFT: 4546px; WIDTH: 2348px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 10795px; HEIGHT: 951px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1050;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">计算</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P1=H1/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1+H2+H3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P2=H2/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1+H2+H3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P3=H3/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1+H2+H3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1051" to="5486,9572" from="5485,9165" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"></stroke></line><line id="_x0000_s1052" to="5486,10795" from="5485,10388" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"></stroke></line><line id="_x0000_s1053" to="8616,9981" from="7207,9980" style="POSITION: absolute;"></line><line id="_x0000_s1054" to="8616,9980" from="8616,3322" style="POSITION: absolute; flip: y;"></line><line id="_x0000_s1055" to="8616,3322" from="5485,3322" style="POSITION: absolute; flip: x;"><stroke endarrow="block"></stroke></line><wrap side="left" type="none"></wrap><anchorlock></anchorlock></group></span></p><p></p>

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 楼主| 发表于 2006-10-25 17:31:06 | 只看该作者
<p>项目风险管理与蒙特卡罗方法 <br/>&nbsp;<br/>&nbsp;<br/>项目风险管理与蒙特卡罗方法 <br/>&nbsp;</p><p>(一)项目风险管理作为项目管理九个领域中一个重要的组成部分,正在受到越来越多的重视。在美国项目管理学会的(项目管理知识体系指南》2000版中,风险管理一章被完全重写,说明这是一个十分活跃、处于快速成长中的课题。 </p><p>项目风险管理之所以重要,显然是由于项目管理所必然面临的不确定因素。根据对项目的定义,任何项目都有其某种程度的唯一性或特殊性。项目管理区别于企业管理的重要一点,在于项目管理所面临的各种变化因素。内部和外部的变化,主动和被动的变化,可以预见的和不可预见的变化,为项目带来风险,为项目管理带来难度,迫使企业管理层和项目经理增强风险意识、预先制定或临时采取应对措施。可以说,没有风险意识、没有应对措施的项目管理,成功的可能性是比较小的。</p><p>一个项目是否成功,要考察多项指标。至少要从费用、进度、范围和质量这几个方面综合衡量。无论从国际和国内项目管理的现状来看,能称得上是成功的项目并不占多数。因此,对项目的风险管理绝不可掉以轻心。</p><p>项目风险管理要求我们遵循的一些基本原则其实也是最朴素的道理。例如,对项目的成本估算要留有余地,对项目的进度计划也要留有余地。</p><p>按照这些原则来衡量,我国现行的一些项目管理方法还有一定差距。例如,我国目前在做项目成本估算时,还在大量套用各种概预算定额。要想达到目前国际上认可的对可研阶段项目成本估算的精度要求,就不能简单地套用概、预算定额。从概预算定额出发做成本估算的方法,本来是属于“自下而上”的方法,应当是一种比较精确的估算方法。问题在于,我们的概预算定额制定的周期一般都比较长,跟不上市场的变化。在加入WTO之后,各种产品的价格问题更是一个需要认真对待的问题。在计划经济下,国家规定的某种价格可以长期不变,套用概预算定额做项目估算问题还不大。在市场经济下,某种产品的价格经常变化,不单随国内市场变化,也随国际市场变化,套用概预算定额的方法就可能出问题。这是问题的一个侧面。从项目的风险管理角度来说,套用概预算定额的方法的另一个根本性的弊病在于,它所使用的价格往往是单一的,或者叫单点取样。用单点取样的方法是不可能进行风险分析的。因此,从市场经济的角度和风险管理的角度,传统的套用概预算的成本估算方法应当在彻底改革之列。</p><p>同样,对项目活动的用时也要采用多点取样的估计法并且应当考虑路径收敛等与风险相关的问题。</p><p>项目管理如果做到这种过细的程度,那么项目的评估和审批就有了比较可靠的基础。靠钻漏洞造成的所谓的“钓鱼工程”、“胡子工程”以及不切实际的”献礼工程”等等与项目成本和项目进度有关的不正常现象就有可能大大避免。 为了对项目风险做到心中有数,除了要对风险进行定性分析,还应当进行定量分析。在定量分析方法中,蒙特卡罗模拟方法是美国项目管理学会推荐的一种方法。</p><p>(二)蒙特卡罗模拟是一种随机模拟方法。蒙特卡罗方法得名于欧洲著名赌城,摩纳哥的蒙特卡罗。大概是因为赌博游戏与概率的内在联系,第二次世界大战时美国曼哈顿计划中把这种方法称为蒙特卡罗方法。在这之前,蒙特卡罗方法就已经存在。1777年,法国Buffon提出用投针实验的方法求圆周率∏。这被认为是蒙特卡罗方法的起源。</p><p>蒙特卡罗模拟是一种有效的统计实验计算法。这种方法的基本思想是人为地造出一种概率模型,使它的某些参数恰好重合于所需计算的量;又可以通过实验,用统计方法求出这些参数的估值;把这些估值作为要求的量的近似值。</p><p>从理论上来说,蒙特卡罗方法需要大量的实验。实验次数越多,所得到的结果才越精确。以上面说到的投针实验为例、历史上的记录如下表1。</p><p>从表中数据可以看到,一直到公元20世纪初期,尽管实验次数数以千计,利用蒙特卡罗方法所得到的圆周率∏值,还是达不到公元5世纪祖冲之的推算精度。这可能是传统蒙特卡罗方法长期得不到推广的主要原因。</p><p>计算机技术的发展,使得蒙特卡罗方法在最近10年得到快速的普及。现代的蒙特卡罗方法,已经不必亲自动手做实验,而是借助计算机的高速运转能力,使得原本费时费力的实验过程,变成了快速和轻而易举的事情。它不但用于解决许多复杂的科学方面的问题,也被项目管理人员经常使用。借助计算机技术,蒙特卡罗方法实现了两大优点:一是简单,省却了繁复的数学报导和演算过程,使得一般人也能够理解和掌握;二是快速。简单和快速,是蒙特卡罗方法在现代项目管理中获得应用的技术基础。</p><p>在项目管理中,常常用到的随机变量是与成本和进度有关的变量如价格、用时等。由于实际工作中可以获得的数据量有限,它们往往是以离散型变量的形式出现的。例如,对于某种成本只知道最低价格、最高价格和最可能价格;对于某项活动的用时往往只知道最少用时、最多用时和最可能用时三个数据。经验告诉我们,项目管理中的这些变量服从某些概率模型。现代统计数学则提供了把这些离散型的随机分布转换为预期的连续型分布的可能。可以利用计算机针对某种概率模型轻易进行数以千计、甚至数以万计的模拟随机抽样。项目管理中蒙特卡罗模拟方法的一般步骤是:</p><p>1、对每一项活动,输入最小、最大和最可能估计数据,并为其选择一种合适的先验分布模型;</p><p>2、计算机根据上述输入,利用给定的某种规则,快速实施充分大量的随机抽样;</p><p>3、对随机抽样的数据进行必要的数学计算,求出结果;</p><p>4、对求出的结果进行统计学处理,求出最小值、最大值以及数学期望值和单位标准偏差;</p><p>5、根据求出的统计学处理数据,让计算机自动生成概率分布曲线和累积概率曲线(通常是基于正态分布的概率累积S曲线);</p><p>6、依据累积概率曲线进行项目风险分析。</p><p>由于计算机的运算速度非常快,蒙特卡罗模拟也可以同时进行敏感性分析。</p><p>目前,发达国家已经把蒙特卡罗模拟方法列入项目管理的常规方法。有关计算机应用软件也已经有许多种产品。 必须指出的是,目前的项目风险管理还是有很大局限性的。项目风险管理虽然被看作项目决策过程的一部分,实际上主要还是面对项目的实施阶段,没有太多顾及项目可能带来的的长远影响。随着对自然界未知领域的探索不断深入,随着新的科学、新的技术的快速进步,人类在获得眼前利益的同时,也正在面对未来更长远、更深刻、更复杂的不确定因素。因此,项目的风险管理必将随着人类的进步而变得更为重要,获得更大的发展。&nbsp;<br/>&nbsp;<br/>&nbsp;<br/></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"></span></p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">蒙特卡罗的作用</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">&Oslash;<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">计算在众多不确定性因素影响下,项目可能的收益、进度和成本;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">&Oslash;<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分析在众多不确定性因素影响下,达到项目目标的概率;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">&Oslash;<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分析各种不确定性因素对项目的影响程度;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">&Oslash;<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">找出关键性的影响因素。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">怎么做</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></font></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">确定要分析的不确定因素</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:三项项目活动的时间估计</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T1</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T2</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T3</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><line id="_x0000_s1062" to="153pt,15.6pt" from="135pt,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251659776; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1060" to="90pt,15.6pt" from="1in,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251657728; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; flip: y;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1058" to="135pt,0" from="90pt,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251655680; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">          </span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T1</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 63pt; mso-char-indent-count: 6.0;"><line id="_x0000_s1063" to="153pt,31.2pt" from="135pt,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251660800; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; flip: y;"><wrap side="left"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1061" to="90pt,31.2pt" from="1in,3.9pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251658752; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></wrap></line><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">①</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">   </span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">   </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">②</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">          </span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T3</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></font></span></span><line id="_x0000_s1059" to="135pt,0" from="90pt,0" style="Z-INDEX: 251656704; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1057" to="153pt,-27.3pt" from="1in,-27.3pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251654656; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><line id="_x0000_s1056" to="1in,226.2pt" from="1in,222.3pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251653632; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; flip: y;"><wrap side="left"></wrap></line><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">确定目标函数</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:项目活动总时间=</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Max(T1,T2,T)<p></p></font></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">.找出不确定因素的概率分布</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:三项项目活动的时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T1</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T2</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">符合</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">β</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分布。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项目管理中常用的概率分布:</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p><table class="MsoTableWeb3" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 3pt outset; BORDER-TOP: 3pt outset; BORDER-LEFT: 3pt outset; BORDER-BOTTOM: 3pt outset; mso-cellspacing: 2.0pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: -1; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">β</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分布</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">正态分布</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">泊松分布</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项目活动的工期</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项目活动的成本</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项目总时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项目总成本</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项目总收益</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td><td width="189" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 142.05pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">机器故障问题</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">产品质量问题</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">项目运营维护费用</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">利用随机数表或计算机在其概率区间内产生随机数</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:设项目活动的最短时间为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天,最长为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天,在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8-12</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的区间内随机产生三个变量,分别模拟三项项目活动的时间。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">进行大量次数的模拟实验</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:产生随 量的过程重复</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">300</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">次(或以上)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6.</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">计算目标函数值</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7.</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">对实验结果进行统计</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:分别统计项目总时间分别落在“项目开始-第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天”、“第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天-第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天”、“第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天-第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天”的频率。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b></font></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">对影响项目结果的因素做出敏感性分析</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:分别计算</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T1</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T2</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">T3</font></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">落在关键路径上的次数,从而算出三条路径对项目总时间的影响程度。</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">适用范围:</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">蒙特卡罗的特点是模拟次数越多,计算结果的可靠性越大。特别适用于在计算机上对大型项目、新产品项目和其他含有大量不确定因素的复杂决策系统进行风险模拟分析;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">蒙特卡罗模拟法不可能使计算结果发生实质性变化,但是可以给 算结果的概率分布,便于预测达到预期目标的可能性。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例:用蒙特卡罗做敏感性分析的流程图:</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: .5;"><span lang="EN-US"><group id="_x0000_s1026" coordsize="7200,9511" coordorigin="2355,2643" editas="canvas" style="WIDTH: 414pt; HEIGHT: 546pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: char; mso-position-vertical-relative: line;"><lock aspectratio="t" vext="edit"></lock><shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" opreferrelative="t" ospt="75"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path oconnecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" oextrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" vext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_s1027" opreferrelative="f" type="#_x0000_t75" style="LEFT: 2355px; WIDTH: 7200px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2643px; HEIGHT: 9511px;"><font face="Times New Roman"><fill odetectmouseclick="t"></fill><path oconnecttype="none" oextrusionok="t"></path><lock vext="edit" text="t"></lock></font></shape><rect id="_x0000_s1028" style="LEFT: 4703px; WIDTH: 1722px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2779px; HEIGHT: 407px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1028;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">N</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">=</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1=H2=H3=0</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><rect id="_x0000_s1029" style="LEFT: 4703px; WIDTH: 1722px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3458px; HEIGHT: 1223px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1029;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">产生随机数</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">≤X1≤12<p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">8≤X2≤12<p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">8≤X3≤12</span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1030" to="5486,3459" from="5485,3186" style="OSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"></stroke></line><shapetype id="_x0000_t110" coordsize="21600,21600" path="m10800,l,10800,10800,21600,21600,10800xe" ospt="110"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><path oconnecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" textboxrect="5400,5400,16200,16200"></path></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t110" style="LEFT: 4390px; WIDTH: 2348px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4953px; HEIGHT: 1087px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1031;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X1&gt;X2AND</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X1&gt;X3</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></shape><line id="_x0000_s1032" to="5486,4953" from="5485,4681" style="OSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><shape id="_x0000_s1033" type="#_x0000_t110" style="LEFT: 4390px; WIDTH: 2348px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 6312px; HEIGHT: 1357px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1033;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X1AND</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X3</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></shape><line id="_x0000_s1034" to="5486,6312" from="5485,6040" style="OSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><rect id="_x0000_s1035" style="LEFT: 6581px; WIDTH: 1252px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4953px; HEIGHT: 408px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1035;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">=</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">+</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1036" to="7364,5496" from="6738,5496" style="OSITION: absolute;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1037" to="7364,5496" from="7364,5360" style="OSITION: absolute; flip: y;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1038" to="7364,4953" from="7364,4138" style="OSITION: absolute; flip: y;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1039" to="7364,4138" from="6425,4138" style="OSITION: absolute; flip: x;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><rect id="_x0000_s1040" style="LEFT: 3138px; WIDTH: 1095px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 6040px; HEIGHT: 407px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1040;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H2=H2+1</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1041" to="4390,6991" from="3607,6991" style="OSITION: absolute; flip: x;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1042" to="3607,6991" from="3607,6447" style="OSITION: absolute; flip: y;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1043" to="3607,6040" from="3607,4273" style="OSITION: absolute; flip: y;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><line id="_x0000_s1044" to="4703,4273" from="3607,4273" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><rect id="_x0000_s1045" style="LEFT: 4546px; WIDTH: 2036px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 8078px; HEIGHT: 407px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1045;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">X3&gt;X1ANDX3&gt;X2</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1046" to="5485,8078" from="5485,7670" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><rect id="_x0000_s1047" style="LEFT: 4859px; WIDTH: 1409px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 8757px; HEIGHT: 408px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1047;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H3=H3+1</font></span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1048" to="5485,8757" from="5485,8485" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></stroke></line><shape id="_x0000_s1049" type="#_x0000_t110" style="LEFT: 4077px; WIDTH: 3130px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 9572px; HEIGHT: 816px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1049;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1+H2+H3</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">≤300</span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></shape><rect id="_x0000_s1050" style="LEFT: 4546px; WIDTH: 2348px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 10795px; HEIGHT: 951px;"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1050;"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">计算</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P1=H1/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1+H2+H3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P2=H2/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1+H2+H3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P3=H3/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H1+H2+H3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><line id="_x0000_s1051" to="5486,9572" from="5485,9165" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"></stroke></line><line id="_x0000_s1052" to="5486,10795" from="5485,10388" style="POSITION: absolute;"><stroke endarrow="block"></stroke></line><line id="_x0000_s1053" to="8616,9981" from="7207,9980" style="POSITION: absolute;"></line><line id="_x0000_s1054" to="8616,9980" from="8616,3322" style="POSITION: absolute; flip: y;"></line><line id="_x0000_s1055" to="8616,3322" from="5485,3322" style="POSITION: absolute; flip: x;"><stroke endarrow="block"></stroke></line><wrap side="left" type="none"></wrap><anchorlock></anchorlock></group></span></p><p></p>

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 楼主| 发表于 2006-10-25 17:39:47 | 只看该作者
甘特图(Gantt chart)是在20世纪初由亨利o甘特开发的。它基本上是一种线条图,横轴表示时间,纵轴表示要安排的活动,线条表示在整个期间上计划的和实际的活动完成情况。甘特图直观地表明任务计划在什么时候进行,以及实际进展与计划要求的对比。<br/><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">甘特图</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"> <p></p></span></b></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">计划项目的时间安排和资源平衡</span><span lang="EN-US"> <p></p></span></i></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">什么是甘特图</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"> <p></p></span></b></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">甘特图也叫条形图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">是美国科学管理学派创始人这一亨利</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">•</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">甘特</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(Henry L.Gantt)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">世纪初设计的一种组织和监控项目进度的工具</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">甘特图主要有三种类型</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">&Oslash;<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">甘特计划图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(Gantt Planning Chart)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">&Oslash;<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">甘特进度图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(Gantt Planning Chart)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">&Oslash;<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">甘特载负图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(Gantt Load Chart)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">甘特图的作用</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"> <p></p></span></b></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">&Oslash;<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">计划项目时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(Gantt Planning Chart)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">&Oslash;<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">跟踪项目进度</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(Gantt Progress Chart)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">&Oslash;<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">测定工作负荷</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(Gantt Load Chart)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">怎么做</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"> <p></p></span></b></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></font></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">在纵轴列出项目中的各项活动</span><span lang="EN-US"> <p></p></span></b></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></font></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">横轴列出连续的各个时间段</span><span lang="EN-US"> <p></p></span></b></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><font face="Times New Roman">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></font></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">在坐标图中标出每项工作所需的时间长度的横条</span><span lang="EN-US"> <p></p></span></b></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">信息系统开发的甘特计划图</span><span lang="EN-US"> <p></p></span></i></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>0<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>10<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>15<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>20<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>25<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>30<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>35<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>40<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>45<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>50</font></span></p><table class="MsoTableGrid" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"><td valign="top" width="568" colspan="7" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 426.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">活动</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">负责人</span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 60.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">需求分析</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">系统分析</span></p></td><td width="70" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 52.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">张三</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">李四</span></p></td><td valign="top" width="92" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 69.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><line id="_x0000_s1026" to="66.6pt,14.6pt" from="-4.7pt,14.45pt" strokeweight="3.25pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251648512; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><line></line></p></td><td valign="top" width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 60.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><line id="_x0000_s1027" to="33.45pt,6.8pt" from="-2.55pt,6.8pt" strokeweight="3.25pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251649536; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"></line><font face="Times New Roman"></font><line></line></p></td><td valign="top" width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 60.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td valign="top" width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 60.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td valign="top" width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 60.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 60.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">设计</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">开发</span></p></td><td width="70" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 52.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">王五</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">甲六</span></p></td><td valign="top" width="92" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 69.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td valign="top" width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 60.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><line id="_x0000_s1028" to="87.45pt,14.4pt" from="38.85pt,14.1pt" strokeweight="3.25pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251650560; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; flip: y; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><font face="Times New Roman"></font><line></line></p></td><td valign="top" width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 60.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td valign="top" width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 60.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td valign="top" width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 60.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 60.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">测试</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">实施</span></p></td><td width="70" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 52.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">周七</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">赵八</span></p></td><td valign="top" width="92" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 69.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td valign="top" width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 60.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td valign="top" width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 60.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td valign="top" width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 60.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td valign="top" width="81" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 60.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 199.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 19.0;"><line id="_x0000_s1031" to="414pt,-14.2pt" from="396pt,-14.2pt" strokeweight="3.25pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251653632; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><font face="Times New Roman"></font><line></line><line id="_x0000_s1030" to="405pt,-22pt" from="369pt,-22pt" strokeweight="3.25pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251652608; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><font face="Times New Roman"></font><line></line><line id="_x0000_s1029" to="369pt,-37.6pt" from="4in,-37.6pt" strokeweight="3.25pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251651584; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><font face="Times New Roman"></font><line></line><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">甘特图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">—</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">任务分配的甘特载负图</span><span lang="EN-US"> <p></p></span></i></p><p></p><p></p><table class="MsoTableGrid" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><tbody><tr style="HEIGHT: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"><td valign="top" width="55" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 41.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">一月</span></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">二月</span></p></td><td width="86" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">三月</span></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">四月</span></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">五月</span></p></td><td width="86" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">六月</span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td valign="top" width="55" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 41.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">小王</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><line id="_x0000_s1036" to="66.6pt,11.95pt" from="-5.4pt,11.95pt" strokeweight="6.25pt" strokecolor="#333" style="Z-INDEX: 251658752; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><line></line><line id="_x0000_s1032" to="30.6pt,4.15pt" from="-5.4pt,4.15pt" strokeweight="7.25pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251654656; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><line></line><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="86" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><line id="_x0000_s1033" to="92.2pt,4.15pt" from="55.4pt,4.15pt" strokeweight="5.25pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251655680; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; flip: y; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><font face="Times New Roman"></font><line></line><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="86" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td valign="top" width="55" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 41.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">小张</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><line id="_x0000_s1035" to="274.15pt,7.65pt" from="-4.85pt,7.65pt" strokeweight="4.5pt" strokecolor="#333" style="Z-INDEX: 251657728; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><line></line><line id="_x0000_s1034" to="336.6pt,3.5pt" from="57.6pt,3.5pt" strokeweight="6.25pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251656704; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><line></line><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="86" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="86" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td valign="top" width="55" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 41.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">小李</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><line id="_x0000_s1038" to="166.15pt,7.65pt" from="-4.85pt,7.65pt" strokeweight="5pt" strokecolor="#333" style="Z-INDEX: 251660800; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><line></line><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><line id="_x0000_s1037" to="228.1pt,3.4pt" from="57.1pt,3.4pt" strokeweight="5.5pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251659776; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><line></line><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="86" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="86" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td valign="top" width="55" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 41.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">小赵</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><line id="_x0000_s1039" to="22.15pt,15.3pt" from="-4.85pt,15.3pt" strokeweight="4pt" strokecolor="#333" style="Z-INDEX: 251661824; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><line></line><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="86" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="86" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><line id="_x0000_s1040" to="61.05pt,2.65pt" from="34.05pt,2.65pt" strokeweight="4pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251662848; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; flip: x; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><font face="Times New Roman"></font><line></line><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td valign="top" width="55" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 41.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">小史</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><line id="_x0000_s1044" to="66.6pt,9.95pt" from="-5.4pt,9.95pt" strokeweight="6pt" strokecolor="#333" style="Z-INDEX: 251666944; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><line></line><line id="_x0000_s1043" to="66.6pt,2.15pt" from="-5.4pt,2.15pt" strokeweight="6pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251665920; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><line></line><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="86" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="86" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td valign="top" width="55" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 41.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">小刘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><line id="_x0000_s1042" to="138.6pt,9.45pt" from="-5.4pt,9.45pt" strokeweight="7.25pt" strokecolor="#333" style="Z-INDEX: 251664896; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><line></line><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><line id="_x0000_s1041" to="205.9pt,1.65pt" from="56.5pt,1.5pt" strokeweight="7.25pt" style="Z-INDEX: 251663872; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left; flip: y; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text;"></line><line></line><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p></td><td width="86" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="85" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td><td width="86" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 64.15pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 15.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">甘特图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">—</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">甘特进度图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">本版式不能完成图面</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">请见书第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">91</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">页</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">适用范围</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"> <p></p></span></b></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">传统甘特图的缺点是不能表示活动间的逻辑关系。目前的项目管理软件已经解决了这个问题。它们通过连接箭头来表示活动间的关联。这样</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">简洁易懂的甘特图成为人们做做项目时间计划的常用工具。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">网络图将任务计划和进度安排分开的职能是甘特图所没有的。因此,一旦甘项活动的时间延误,甘特图整体将面临大变动,而网络图则不然。这正是网络图的优势和科学之处</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">看不见图的下载附件: </span> bCA4kJPB.doc (43.5 KB, 下载次数: 6) <br/></p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-10-25 17:41:34编辑过]

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