[转帖]项目组织

翔羽

<h2 align="center" style="MARGIN: 13pt 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span>&nbsp;</h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><a name="_Toc104094468"></a><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc104094468;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc104094468;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">组织原则</span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="Times New Roman">在建立项目组织时应注意到以下原则：</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">早落实原则</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">减少接口</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">责权均衡</span></font></p><h3 style="MARGIN: 13pt 0cm;"><a name="_Toc104094469"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc104094469;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc104094469;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">人员配备</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><p></p></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="Times New Roman">合理地配备人员是成功地完成软件项目的切实保证。所谓合理地配备人员应包括：按不同阶段适时任用人员，恰当掌握用人标准。</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 39.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">配备人员的原则：</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">配备软件人员时，应注意以下</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">个主要原则：</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.75pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 永中宋体;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">（1）<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">重质量：软件项目是技术性很强的工作，任用少量有实践经验、有能力的人员去完成关键性的任务，常常要比使用教多的经验不足的人员更有限。</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.75pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 永中宋体;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">（2）<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">重培训：花力气培养所需的技术人员和管理人员是有效解决人员问题的好方法。</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 54.75pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 永中宋体;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">（3）<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">双阶梯提升：人员的提升应分别按技术职务和管理职务进行，不能混在一起。</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 39.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">对项目经理人员的要求</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">软件经理人员是人员的组织者，他的管理能力的强弱是项目成败的关键。除去一般的管理要求外，他应具有的能力：</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）把用户提出的非技术性要求加以整理提炼，以技术说明书形式转告给分析员和测试员。</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）能说服用户放弃一些不切实际的要求，以便保证合理的要求得以满足。</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）具有综合问题的能力。</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）要懂得心理学。</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 39.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">评价人员的条件</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">软件项目中人的因素越来越受到重视。在评价和任用软件人员时，必须掌握一定的标准。人员素质要求：</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）牢固掌握计算机软件的基础知识和技能。</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）善于分析和综合问题，具有严密的逻辑思维能力。</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）工作踏实、细致、不靠碰运气，遵循标准和规范，具有严格的科学作风。</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）工作中表现出耐心、有毅力、有责任心。</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）善于听取别人的意见，善于与周围人员团结协作，建立良好的人际关系。</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 永中宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）具有良好的书面和口头表达能力。</span></font></p>